The latest officially reported population of Ethiopia was 135,472,051 in 2025 vs 5,646,436 people in Finland in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Ethiopia's population is 140,722,974 people compared to 5,647,947 in Finland.
Population statistics:
- Ethiopia's population is 24.9 times bigger than Finland's.
- Ethiopia is ranked the 10th most populous country in the world, while Finland is the 120th.
- The countries together account for 1.76% of the world: 1.69% for Ethiopia vs 0.07% for Finland.
- For the last 10 years, Ethiopia has had an average growth rate of +2.69% per year vs +0.3% in Finland.
- Since 2006, the population of Ethiopia has increased from 80.7M people to 141M (74.4% growth), while Finland has grown from 5.27M to 5.65M (7.25% growth).
Ethiopia vs Finland: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Ethiopia
|
Finland
|
|
| 2100 | 371,078,260 | 4,629,053 |
| 2099 | 369,338,252 | 4,645,228 |
| 2098 | 367,513,542 | 4,661,258 |
| 2097 | 365,567,496 | 4,676,964 |
| 2096 | 363,536,294 | 4,692,260 |
| 2095 | 361,596,042 | 4,707,633 |
| 2094 | 359,531,317 | 4,722,751 |
| 2093 | 357,460,480 | 4,738,088 |
| 2092 | 355,389,829 | 4,753,259 |
| 2091 | 353,218,632 | 4,768,754 |
| 2090 | 350,960,021 | 4,784,445 |
| 2089 | 348,751,618 | 4,799,982 |
| 2088 | 346,517,326 | 4,815,528 |
| 2087 | 344,162,324 | 4,831,523 |
| 2086 | 341,671,994 | 4,847,503 |
| 2085 | 339,167,930 | 4,863,391 |
| 2084 | 336,649,520 | 4,878,695 |
| 2083 | 334,083,247 | 4,894,099 |
| 2082 | 331,401,460 | 4,909,902 |
| 2081 | 328,715,487 | 4,925,741 |
| 2080 | 326,013,981 | 4,941,601 |
| 2079 | 323,282,865 | 4,957,156 |
| 2078 | 320,422,535 | 4,972,238 |
| 2077 | 317,492,915 | 4,987,486 |
| 2076 | 314,518,328 | 5,002,755 |
| 2075 | 311,487,723 | 5,017,572 |
| 2074 | 308,416,133 | 5,032,306 |
| 2073 | 305,383,505 | 5,046,593 |
| 2072 | 302,258,564 | 5,060,464 |
| 2071 | 299,119,280 | 5,074,179 |
| 2070 | 295,963,235 | 5,087,802 |
| 2069 | 292,756,723 | 5,101,058 |
| 2068 | 289,522,748 | 5,114,493 |
| 2067 | 286,191,689 | 5,127,889 |
| 2066 | 282,905,709 | 5,141,202 |
| 2065 | 279,576,283 | 5,155,429 |
| 2064 | 276,197,958 | 5,169,525 |
| 2063 | 272,782,685 | 5,183,843 |
| 2062 | 269,340,926 | 5,198,043 |
| 2061 | 265,803,351 | 5,212,670 |
| 2060 | 262,269,354 | 5,227,697 |
| 2059 | 258,692,767 | 5,242,988 |
| 2058 | 255,205,644 | 5,257,844 |
| 2057 | 251,656,356 | 5,273,628 |
| 2056 | 248,002,497 | 5,289,765 |
| 2055 | 244,426,069 | 5,305,934 |
| 2054 | 240,794,405 | 5,321,736 |
| 2053 | 237,155,110 | 5,337,053 |
| 2052 | 233,479,314 | 5,352,244 |
| 2051 | 229,733,593 | 5,367,229 |
| 2050 | 226,055,085 | 5,381,479 |
| 2049 | 222,351,471 | 5,395,348 |
| 2048 | 218,627,197 | 5,408,876 |
| 2047 | 214,883,954 | 5,422,100 |
| 2046 | 211,161,780 | 5,434,914 |
| 2045 | 207,461,987 | 5,447,770 |
| 2044 | 203,749,820 | 5,460,322 |
| 2043 | 200,035,613 | 5,473,016 |
| 2042 | 196,351,202 | 5,485,319 |
| 2041 | 192,689,672 | 5,497,690 |
| 2040 | 189,023,384 | 5,509,866 |
| 2039 | 185,365,776 | 5,522,256 |
| 2038 | 181,733,067 | 5,534,448 |
| 2037 | 178,124,993 | 5,546,603 |
| 2036 | 174,515,366 | 5,558,413 |
| 2035 | 170,904,339 | 5,569,919 |
| 2034 | 167,316,305 | 5,580,966 |
| 2033 | 163,763,376 | 5,591,512 |
| 2032 | 160,167,364 | 5,601,550 |
| 2031 | 156,590,018 | 5,611,269 |
| 2030 | 153,023,174 | 5,620,291 |
| 2029 | 149,461,578 | 5,628,791 |
| 2028 | 145,944,350 | 5,636,422 |
| 2027 | 142,419,893 | 5,643,240 |
| 2026 | 138,930,724 | 5,647,947 |
| 2025 | 135,472,051 | 5,646,436 |
| 2024 | 132,059,767 | 5,619,911 |
| 2023 | 128,691,692 | 5,583,911 |
| 2022 | 125,384,287 | 5,556,106 |
| 2021 | 122,138,588 | 5,541,017 |
| 2020 | 118,917,671 | 5,529,543 |
| 2019 | 115,737,383 | 5,521,606 |
| 2018 | 112,664,152 | 5,515,525 |
| 2017 | 109,666,481 | 5,508,214 |
| 2016 | 106,718,162 | 5,495,303 |
| 2015 | 103,867,135 | 5,479,531 |
| 2014 | 101,115,610 | 5,461,512 |
| 2013 | 98,438,751 | 5,438,972 |
| 2012 | 95,798,767 | 5,413,971 |
| 2011 | 93,149,970 | 5,388,272 |
| 2010 | 90,538,514 | 5,363,352 |
| 2009 | 88,007,636 | 5,338,871 |
| 2008 | 85,543,668 | 5,313,399 |
| 2007 | 83,103,217 | 5,288,720 |
| 2006 | 80,703,490 | 5,266,268 |
| 2005 | 78,367,470 | 5,246,096 |
| 2004 | 76,077,206 | 5,228,172 |
| 2003 | 73,832,663 | 5,213,014 |
| 2002 | 71,635,517 | 5,200,598 |
| 2001 | 69,487,762 | 5,188,008 |
| 2000 | 67,411,494 | 5,176,209 |
| 1999 | 65,374,561 | 5,165,474 |
| 1998 | 63,363,524 | 5,153,498 |
| 1997 | 61,404,539 | 5,139,835 |
| 1996 | 59,467,635 | 5,124,573 |
| 1995 | 57,537,335 | 5,107,790 |
| 1994 | 55,611,508 | 5,088,333 |
| 1993 | 53,708,891 | 5,066,447 |
| 1992 | 51,853,747 | 5,041,992 |
| 1991 | 49,717,198 | 5,013,740 |
| 1990 | 47,609,755 | 4,986,431 |
| 1989 | 45,879,690 | 4,964,371 |
| 1988 | 44,150,825 | 4,946,481 |
| 1987 | 42,460,039 | 4,932,123 |
| 1986 | 41,037,656 | 4,918,154 |
| 1985 | 39,842,136 | 4,902,206 |
| 1984 | 38,735,722 | 4,881,803 |
| 1983 | 37,740,817 | 4,855,787 |
| 1982 | 36,701,290 | 4,826,933 |
| 1981 | 35,304,012 | 4,799,964 |
| 1980 | 34,428,514 | 4,779,535 |
| 1979 | 34,238,652 | 4,764,690 |
| 1978 | 33,734,592 | 4,752,528 |
| 1977 | 33,167,272 | 4,738,902 |
| 1976 | 32,534,418 | 4,725,664 |
| 1975 | 31,723,252 | 4,711,440 |
| 1974 | 30,957,273 | 4,690,574 |
| 1973 | 30,166,785 | 4,666,081 |
| 1972 | 29,374,608 | 4,639,657 |
| 1971 | 28,600,106 | 4,612,124 |
| 1970 | 27,829,128 | 4,606,307 |
| 1969 | 27,072,571 | 4,623,785 |
| 1968 | 26,337,930 | 4,626,469 |
| 1967 | 25,620,276 | 4,605,744 |
| 1966 | 24,952,689 | 4,580,869 |
| 1965 | 24,310,612 | 4,563,732 |
| 1964 | 23,666,548 | 4,548,543 |
| 1963 | 23,051,637 | 4,523,309 |
| 1962 | 22,465,126 | 4,491,443 |
| 1961 | 21,906,102 | 4,461,005 |
| 1960 | 21,376,693 | 4,429,634 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/ethiopia/finland | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Ethiopia increased by 26,014,672 people (a 32.2% growth), while Finland gained 229,035 people (a 4.35% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Ethiopia gained 34,004,812 people (a 31.9% growth), while Finland's population increased by 152,644 people (a 2.78% growth).
Ethiopia was ranked 16th most populous country in 2006 and is 10th in 2026. Finland was ranked 111th in 2006 and ranked 120th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Ethiopia's population will grow by 60.6% to 226,055,085 people with a rank change from 10th to 7th. The population of Finland will decrease by 4.72% to 5,381,479 people and rank change from 120th to 126th.
Ethiopia is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 371M people compared to the peak of 5.65M people in 2026 for Finland.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Ethiopia
|
Finland
|
|
| 2100 | 0.47% | -0.35% |
| 2099 | 0.5% | -0.34% |
| 2098 | 0.53% | -0.34% |
| 2097 | 0.56% | -0.33% |
| 2096 | 0.54% | -0.33% |
| 2095 | 0.57% | -0.32% |
| 2094 | 0.58% | -0.32% |
| 2093 | 0.58% | -0.32% |
| 2092 | 0.61% | -0.32% |
| 2091 | 0.64% | -0.33% |
| 2090 | 0.63% | -0.32% |
| 2089 | 0.64% | -0.32% |
| 2088 | 0.68% | -0.33% |
| 2087 | 0.73% | -0.33% |
| 2086 | 0.74% | -0.33% |
| 2085 | 0.75% | -0.31% |
| 2084 | 0.77% | -0.31% |
| 2083 | 0.81% | -0.32% |
| 2082 | 0.82% | -0.32% |
| 2081 | 0.83% | -0.32% |
| 2080 | 0.84% | -0.31% |
| 2079 | 0.89% | -0.3% |
| 2078 | 0.92% | -0.31% |
| 2077 | 0.95% | -0.31% |
| 2076 | 0.97% | -0.3% |
| 2075 | 1% | -0.29% |
| 2074 | 0.99% | -0.28% |
| 2073 | 1.03% | -0.27% |
| 2072 | 1.05% | -0.27% |
| 2071 | 1.07% | -0.27% |
| 2070 | 1.1% | -0.26% |
| 2069 | 1.12% | -0.26% |
| 2068 | 1.16% | -0.26% |
| 2067 | 1.16% | -0.26% |
| 2066 | 1.19% | -0.28% |
| 2065 | 1.22% | -0.27% |
| 2064 | 1.25% | -0.28% |
| 2063 | 1.28% | -0.27% |
| 2062 | 1.33% | -0.28% |
| 2061 | 1.35% | -0.29% |
| 2060 | 1.38% | -0.29% |
| 2059 | 1.37% | -0.28% |
| 2058 | 1.41% | -0.3% |
| 2057 | 1.47% | -0.31% |
| 2056 | 1.46% | -0.3% |
| 2055 | 1.51% | -0.3% |
| 2054 | 1.53% | -0.29% |
| 2053 | 1.57% | -0.28% |
| 2052 | 1.63% | -0.28% |
| 2051 | 1.63% | -0.26% |
| 2050 | 1.67% | -0.26% |
| 2049 | 1.7% | -0.25% |
| 2048 | 1.74% | -0.24% |
| 2047 | 1.76% | -0.24% |
| 2046 | 1.78% | -0.24% |
| 2045 | 1.82% | -0.23% |
| 2044 | 1.86% | -0.23% |
| 2043 | 1.88% | -0.22% |
| 2042 | 1.9% | -0.23% |
| 2041 | 1.94% | -0.22% |
| 2040 | 1.97% | -0.22% |
| 2039 | 2% | -0.22% |
| 2038 | 2.03% | -0.22% |
| 2037 | 2.07% | -0.21% |
| 2036 | 2.11% | -0.21% |
| 2035 | 2.14% | -0.2% |
| 2034 | 2.17% | -0.19% |
| 2033 | 2.25% | -0.18% |
| 2032 | 2.28% | -0.17% |
| 2031 | 2.33% | -0.16% |
| 2030 | 2.38% | -0.15% |
| 2029 | 2.41% | -0.14% |
| 2028 | 2.47% | -0.12% |
| 2027 | 2.51% | -0.08% |
| 2026 | 2.55% | 0.03% |
| 2025 | 2.58% | 0.47% |
| 2024 | 2.62% | 0.64% |
| 2023 | 2.64% | 0.5% |
| 2022 | 2.66% | 0.27% |
| 2021 | 2.71% | 0.21% |
| 2020 | 2.75% | 0.14% |
| 2019 | 2.73% | 0.11% |
| 2018 | 2.73% | 0.13% |
| 2017 | 2.76% | 0.23% |
| 2016 | 2.74% | 0.29% |
| 2015 | 2.72% | 0.33% |
| 2014 | 2.72% | 0.41% |
| 2013 | 2.76% | 0.46% |
| 2012 | 2.84% | 0.48% |
| 2011 | 2.88% | 0.46% |
| 2010 | 2.88% | 0.46% |
| 2009 | 2.88% | 0.48% |
| 2008 | 2.94% | 0.47% |
| 2007 | 2.97% | 0.43% |
| 2006 | 2.98% | 0.38% |
| 2005 | 3.01% | 0.34% |
| 2004 | 3.04% | 0.29% |
| 2003 | 3.07% | 0.24% |
| 2002 | 3.09% | 0.24% |
| 2001 | 3.08% | 0.23% |
| 2000 | 3.12% | 0.21% |
| 1999 | 3.17% | 0.23% |
| 1998 | 3.19% | 0.27% |
| 1997 | 3.26% | 0.3% |
| 1996 | 3.35% | 0.33% |
| 1995 | 3.46% | 0.38% |
| 1994 | 3.54% | 0.43% |
| 1993 | 3.58% | 0.49% |
| 1992 | 4.3% | 0.56% |
| 1991 | 4.43% | 0.55% |
| 1990 | 3.77% | 0.44% |
| 1989 | 3.92% | 0.36% |
| 1988 | 3.98% | 0.29% |
| 1987 | 3.47% | 0.28% |
| 1986 | 3% | 0.33% |
| 1985 | 2.86% | 0.42% |
| 1984 | 2.64% | 0.54% |
| 1983 | 2.83% | 0.6% |
| 1982 | 3.96% | 0.56% |
| 1981 | 2.54% | 0.43% |
| 1980 | 0.55% | 0.31% |
| 1979 | 1.49% | 0.26% |
| 1978 | 1.71% | 0.29% |
| 1977 | 1.95% | 0.28% |
| 1976 | 2.56% | 0.3% |
| 1975 | 2.47% | 0.44% |
| 1974 | 2.62% | 0.52% |
| 1973 | 2.7% | 0.57% |
| 1972 | 2.71% | 0.6% |
| 1971 | 2.77% | 0.13% |
| 1970 | 2.79% | -0.38% |
| 1969 | 2.79% | -0.06% |
| 1968 | 2.8% | 0.45% |
| 1967 | 2.68% | 0.54% |
| 1966 | 2.64% | 0.38% |
| 1965 | 2.72% | 0.33% |
| 1964 | 2.67% | 0.56% |
| 1963 | 2.61% | 0.71% |
| 1962 | 2.55% | 0.68% |
| 1961 | 2.48% | 0.71% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/ethiopia/finland | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Ethiopia grew by 2.58%, while Finland's population grew by 0.47%.
Live population counters
|
Ethiopia
|
Finland
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
140722974
|
5647947
|
| Population rank | 10/197 | 120/197 |
| Percent of world population | 1.69% | 0.07% |
| One net population change |
9.27 seconds
|
19.9 minutes
|
| One birth every |
7.59 seconds
|
12 minutes
|
| One death every |
40.6 seconds
|
8.99 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +9,349 | +73 |
| Annual growth/decline | +3,412,284 | +26,525 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.58% | +0.47% |
| Population growth rate rank | 24/197 | 130/197 |
| One migration net change every |
21.9 minutes
|
28.9 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | +24,054 | +18,246 |
| Net migration rank | 31/196 | 33/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,168,455 | 514,432 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 53/195 | 79/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.9% | 9.2% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 157/195 | 69/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ethiopia
|
Finland
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 24,054 | - | 18,246 |
| 2024 | 3,379,409 | 30,069 | -14,612 | 26,894 |
| 2023 | 3,338,649 | -11,996 | -17,869 | 38,156 |
| 2022 | 3,300,114 | -11,996 | -18,335 | 60,353 |
| 2021 | 3,204,673 | -1,377 | -7,757 | 22,484 |
| 2020 | 3,199,718 | 38,866 | -8,847 | 17,504 |
| 2019 | 3,132,780 | -10,807 | -8,282 | 15,671 |
| 2018 | 3,015,231 | 9,302 | -7,170 | 11,822 |
| 2017 | 2,899,143 | 71,766 | -3,856 | 13,356 |
| 2016 | 2,809,889 | 115,823 | -1,099 | 17,321 |
| 2015 | 2,713,529 | 62,785 | 2,740 | 12,655 |
| 2014 | 2,623,647 | 103,122 | 4,915 | 15,915 |
| 2013 | 2,546,020 | 80,955 | 6,527 | 18,164 |
| 2012 | 2,533,398 | 119,517 | 7,579 | 17,894 |
| 2011 | 2,527,811 | 116,793 | 9,160 | 16,798 |
| 2010 | 2,498,048 | 80,213 | 10,191 | 14,080 |
| 2009 | 2,467,118 | 16,315 | 10,678 | 14,877 |
| 2008 | 2,465,283 | -20,780 | 10,627 | 15,626 |
| 2007 | 2,436,753 | -381 | 9,519 | 14,027 |
| 2006 | 2,393,585 | -30,512 | 11,059 | 10,820 |
| 2005 | 2,353,375 | -44,421 | 9,968 | 9,251 |
| 2004 | 2,296,999 | -25,430 | 9,933 | 6,956 |
| 2003 | 2,231,223 | -13,744 | 7,819 | 5,929 |
| 2002 | 2,189,683 | -12,925 | 6,241 | 5,255 |
| 2001 | 2,137,791 | -19,063 | 7,263 | 6,241 |
| 2000 | 2,083,622 | -49,891 | 7,765 | 2,497 |
| 1999 | 2,010,987 | 29,142 | 7,748 | 3,604 |
| 1998 | 1,984,989 | -3,011 | 7,730 | 4,417 |
| 1997 | 1,945,112 | -9,119 | 9,766 | 4,925 |
| 1996 | 1,896,364 | 41,456 | 11,274 | 3,757 |
| 1995 | 1,831,068 | 91,727 | 13,791 | 4,325 |
| 1994 | 1,788,133 | 140,715 | 17,300 | 3,834 |
| 1993 | 1,734,851 | 141,545 | 13,679 | 9,036 |
| 1992 | 1,673,839 | 160,106 | 16,639 | 9,356 |
| 1991 | 1,579,416 | 859,737 | 16,044 | 14,515 |
| 1990 | 1,479,663 | 296,014 | 15,458 | 8,920 |
| 1989 | 1,441,769 | 242,614 | 14,396 | 5,775 |
| 1988 | 1,393,356 | 379,966 | 14,344 | 1,765 |
| 1987 | 1,356,853 | 251,387 | 11,837 | 831 |
| 1986 | 1,050,277 | 186,227 | 13,279 | 1,491 |
| 1985 | 997,050 | 157,476 | 14,707 | 2,416 |
| 1984 | 920,670 | 137,632 | 20,015 | 3,972 |
| 1983 | 863,472 | 68,022 | 21,851 | 6,925 |
| 1982 | 1,080,853 | 66,702 | 22,686 | 7,109 |
| 1981 | 1,018,838 | 628,135 | 18,720 | 5,287 |
| 1980 | 1,007,516 | -903,529 | 18,640 | -2,212 |
| 1979 | 987,203 | -711,455 | 19,535 | -6,612 |
| 1978 | 943,388 | -210,991 | 20,436 | -9,348 |
| 1977 | 929,381 | -527,133 | 21,799 | -5,697 |
| 1976 | 899,577 | -36,125 | 21,738 | -11,843 |
| 1975 | 801,425 | -42,540 | 21,673 | -3,807 |
| 1974 | 777,306 | -4,232 | 17,824 | 5,891 |
| 1973 | 807,535 | 347 | 13,532 | 11,558 |
| 1972 | 779,808 | -3,375 | 14,847 | 12,613 |
| 1971 | 787,047 | -14,510 | 15,220 | 12,286 |
| 1970 | 760,821 | 8,589 | 20,268 | -36,579 |
| 1969 | 736,428 | 7,258 | 21,732 | -42,207 |
| 1968 | 715,602 | 9,992 | 28,684 | -15,561 |
| 1967 | 695,283 | 14,437 | 33,622 | -5,353 |
| 1966 | 616,281 | 9,160 | 34,356 | -12,059 |
| 1965 | 642,359 | 16,348 | 33,771 | -21,731 |
| 1964 | 618,667 | 10,749 | 38,208 | -20,414 |
| 1963 | 590,998 | 9,418 | 40,258 | -7,624 |
| 1962 | 563,650 | 8,960 | 38,627 | -6,852 |
| 1961 | 538,518 | 6,938 | 41,487 | -11,828 |
| 1960 | 511,694 | 1,696 | 42,082 | -9,489 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/ethiopia/finland | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.1% of the population change in Ethiopia is from natural causes (a gain of 30,993,135 people) and 0.93% is from migration (a gain of 292,435 people). In Finland 26.5% is from natural causes (a loss of 85,087 people) and 73.5% is from migration (a gain of 236,216 people).
As of 2024, 1,168,455 residents or 0.9% of the population were not native-born in Ethiopia, compared to 514,432 people or 9.2% in Finland.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between Ethiopia and Finland
|
Ethiopia
|
Finland
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 68.1 years | 82.4 years |
| Average age | 24 years | 44.1 years |
| Median age | 20.1 years | 44.2 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.1:49.9 | 49.4:50.6 |
| Fertility rate | 3.91 births per woman | 1.25 births per woman |
| Population density | 319 ppl/mi² | 48.1 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/ethiopia/finland | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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