The latest officially reported population of Bosnia and Herzegovina was 3,164,253 in 2024 vs 6,332,961 people in the Congo in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Bosnia and Herzegovina's population is 3,116,111 people compared to 6,681,829 in the Congo.
Population statistics:
- The Congo's population is 2.14 times bigger than Bosnia and Herzegovina's.
- Bosnia and Herzegovina is ranked the 135th most populous country in the world, while the Congo is the 109th.
- The countries together account for 0.12% of the world: 0.04% for Bosnia and Herzegovina vs 0.08% for the Congo.
- For the last 10 years, Bosnia and Herzegovina has had an average growth rate of -1.19% per year vs +2.44% in the Congo.
- Since 2006, the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina has decreased from 4.06M people to 3.12M (23.3% decline), while the Congo has grown from 3.84M to 6.68M (74.1% growth).
Bosnia and Herzegovina vs Congo: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Bosnia
|
Congo
|
|
| 2100 | 1,368,666 | 20,197,393 |
| 2099 | 1,382,821 | 20,056,338 |
| 2098 | 1,397,565 | 19,909,990 |
| 2097 | 1,413,532 | 19,763,169 |
| 2096 | 1,429,204 | 19,613,556 |
| 2095 | 1,444,480 | 19,462,505 |
| 2094 | 1,459,743 | 19,309,823 |
| 2093 | 1,475,492 | 19,154,254 |
| 2092 | 1,490,946 | 18,993,517 |
| 2091 | 1,506,239 | 18,831,137 |
| 2090 | 1,521,837 | 18,666,035 |
| 2089 | 1,538,128 | 18,500,705 |
| 2088 | 1,554,688 | 18,328,408 |
| 2087 | 1,571,208 | 18,156,542 |
| 2086 | 1,588,504 | 17,982,556 |
| 2085 | 1,605,957 | 17,810,599 |
| 2084 | 1,624,320 | 17,634,115 |
| 2083 | 1,643,261 | 17,455,922 |
| 2082 | 1,662,175 | 17,273,447 |
| 2081 | 1,681,314 | 17,095,916 |
| 2080 | 1,701,168 | 16,913,187 |
| 2079 | 1,721,318 | 16,731,545 |
| 2078 | 1,741,916 | 16,545,390 |
| 2077 | 1,762,807 | 16,360,458 |
| 2076 | 1,784,335 | 16,175,508 |
| 2075 | 1,806,786 | 15,984,378 |
| 2074 | 1,829,227 | 15,794,071 |
| 2073 | 1,851,366 | 15,599,735 |
| 2072 | 1,874,026 | 15,404,494 |
| 2071 | 1,897,167 | 15,207,921 |
| 2070 | 1,921,183 | 15,011,471 |
| 2069 | 1,944,841 | 14,810,543 |
| 2068 | 1,968,581 | 14,612,051 |
| 2067 | 1,994,208 | 14,415,033 |
| 2066 | 2,019,687 | 14,213,222 |
| 2065 | 2,045,997 | 14,012,829 |
| 2064 | 2,071,940 | 13,813,071 |
| 2063 | 2,097,727 | 13,611,733 |
| 2062 | 2,123,391 | 13,407,155 |
| 2061 | 2,149,881 | 13,206,406 |
| 2060 | 2,177,114 | 13,006,970 |
| 2059 | 2,204,104 | 12,808,144 |
| 2058 | 2,231,438 | 12,611,185 |
| 2057 | 2,259,550 | 12,415,316 |
| 2056 | 2,289,280 | 12,219,298 |
| 2055 | 2,319,090 | 12,024,601 |
| 2054 | 2,346,686 | 11,826,644 |
| 2053 | 2,375,139 | 11,629,783 |
| 2052 | 2,402,864 | 11,433,645 |
| 2051 | 2,432,239 | 11,236,927 |
| 2050 | 2,460,425 | 11,041,020 |
| 2049 | 2,489,784 | 10,846,652 |
| 2048 | 2,517,716 | 10,651,879 |
| 2047 | 2,547,032 | 10,455,019 |
| 2046 | 2,576,313 | 10,260,138 |
| 2045 | 2,604,829 | 10,065,444 |
| 2044 | 2,633,079 | 9,872,742 |
| 2043 | 2,661,800 | 9,677,498 |
| 2042 | 2,690,344 | 9,483,953 |
| 2041 | 2,720,561 | 9,288,673 |
| 2040 | 2,749,705 | 9,097,986 |
| 2039 | 2,777,922 | 8,908,556 |
| 2038 | 2,804,291 | 8,720,599 |
| 2037 | 2,830,793 | 8,534,256 |
| 2036 | 2,857,546 | 8,350,011 |
| 2035 | 2,884,800 | 8,167,940 |
| 2034 | 2,913,808 | 7,986,915 |
| 2033 | 2,940,732 | 7,806,956 |
| 2032 | 2,967,485 | 7,629,621 |
| 2031 | 2,991,207 | 7,454,630 |
| 2030 | 3,015,049 | 7,285,238 |
| 2029 | 3,038,829 | 7,119,031 |
| 2028 | 3,064,003 | 6,956,345 |
| 2027 | 3,089,959 | 6,795,830 |
| 2026 | 3,116,111 | 6,639,560 |
| 2025 | 3,141,481 | 6,485,440 |
| 2024 | 3,164,253 | 6,332,961 |
| 2023 | 3,185,073 | 6,182,885 |
| 2022 | 3,204,802 | 6,035,104 |
| 2021 | 3,244,907 | 5,892,183 |
| 2020 | 3,299,349 | 5,752,791 |
| 2019 | 3,345,533 | 5,616,661 |
| 2018 | 3,387,000 | 5,483,118 |
| 2017 | 3,428,682 | 5,351,011 |
| 2016 | 3,473,003 | 5,222,536 |
| 2015 | 3,518,541 | 5,097,581 |
| 2014 | 3,564,829 | 4,975,880 |
| 2013 | 3,610,859 | 4,857,099 |
| 2012 | 3,670,113 | 4,740,450 |
| 2011 | 3,741,798 | 4,609,724 |
| 2010 | 3,811,472 | 4,462,290 |
| 2009 | 3,879,794 | 4,281,219 |
| 2008 | 3,947,544 | 4,113,517 |
| 2007 | 4,013,424 | 3,980,430 |
| 2006 | 4,063,272 | 3,837,409 |
| 2005 | 4,096,493 | 3,696,393 |
| 2004 | 4,140,987 | 3,565,554 |
| 2003 | 4,178,523 | 3,445,753 |
| 2002 | 4,188,002 | 3,350,771 |
| 2001 | 4,179,438 | 3,272,537 |
| 2000 | 4,159,771 | 3,151,345 |
| 1999 | 4,130,305 | 3,032,874 |
| 1998 | 4,089,356 | 2,952,061 |
| 1997 | 4,018,227 | 2,887,862 |
| 1996 | 3,875,246 | 2,826,785 |
| 1995 | 3,715,564 | 2,749,461 |
| 1994 | 3,725,412 | 2,673,144 |
| 1993 | 3,904,482 | 2,595,124 |
| 1992 | 4,234,616 | 2,519,465 |
| 1991 | 4,458,343 | 2,449,229 |
| 1990 | 4,448,652 | 2,380,560 |
| 1989 | 4,433,983 | 2,313,558 |
| 1988 | 4,414,404 | 2,247,653 |
| 1987 | 4,390,246 | 2,183,473 |
| 1986 | 4,362,115 | 2,120,602 |
| 1985 | 4,330,364 | 2,059,311 |
| 1984 | 4,295,536 | 1,999,528 |
| 1983 | 4,258,728 | 1,950,321 |
| 1982 | 4,221,100 | 1,910,430 |
| 1981 | 4,184,217 | 1,869,759 |
| 1980 | 4,148,426 | 1,828,985 |
| 1979 | 4,113,300 | 1,788,524 |
| 1978 | 4,078,240 | 1,748,089 |
| 1977 | 4,042,124 | 1,707,568 |
| 1976 | 4,004,552 | 1,667,225 |
| 1975 | 3,965,743 | 1,627,032 |
| 1974 | 3,926,472 | 1,582,301 |
| 1973 | 3,887,376 | 1,533,680 |
| 1972 | 3,848,271 | 1,486,468 |
| 1971 | 3,809,376 | 1,441,039 |
| 1970 | 3,773,247 | 1,397,638 |
| 1969 | 3,737,765 | 1,356,182 |
| 1968 | 3,698,794 | 1,316,519 |
| 1967 | 3,656,223 | 1,278,691 |
| 1966 | 3,610,562 | 1,242,534 |
| 1965 | 3,562,834 | 1,207,880 |
| 1964 | 3,513,441 | 1,174,816 |
| 1963 | 3,461,942 | 1,143,263 |
| 1962 | 3,407,532 | 1,113,175 |
| 1961 | 3,348,035 | 1,084,389 |
| 1960 | 3,281,381 | 1,056,732 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/bosnia-and-herzegovina/congo | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina decreased by 590,269 people (a 14.5% decline), while the Congo gained 1,385,127 people (a 36.1% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Bosnia and Herzegovina lost 356,892 people (a 10.3% decline), while the Congo's population increased by 1,459,293 people (a 27.9% growth).
Bosnia and Herzegovina was ranked 123rd most populous country in 2006 and is 135th in 2026. The Congo was ranked 125th in 2006 and ranked 109th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Bosnia and Herzegovina's population will shrink by 21% to 2,460,425 people with a rank change from 135th to 144th. The population of the Congo will increase by 65.2% to 11,041,020 people and rank change from 109th to 95th.
The Congo is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 20.2M people, while Bosnia and Herzegovina's population already peaked in 1991 at 4.46M people and is projected to decrease to 1.37M people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bosnia
|
Congo
|
|
| 2100 | -1.02% | 0.7% |
| 2099 | -1.06% | 0.74% |
| 2098 | -1.13% | 0.74% |
| 2097 | -1.1% | 0.76% |
| 2096 | -1.06% | 0.78% |
| 2095 | -1.05% | 0.79% |
| 2094 | -1.07% | 0.81% |
| 2093 | -1.04% | 0.85% |
| 2092 | -1.02% | 0.86% |
| 2091 | -1.02% | 0.88% |
| 2090 | -1.06% | 0.89% |
| 2089 | -1.07% | 0.94% |
| 2088 | -1.05% | 0.95% |
| 2087 | -1.09% | 0.97% |
| 2086 | -1.09% | 0.97% |
| 2085 | -1.13% | 1% |
| 2084 | -1.15% | 1.02% |
| 2083 | -1.14% | 1.06% |
| 2082 | -1.14% | 1.04% |
| 2081 | -1.17% | 1.08% |
| 2080 | -1.17% | 1.09% |
| 2079 | -1.18% | 1.13% |
| 2078 | -1.19% | 1.13% |
| 2077 | -1.21% | 1.14% |
| 2076 | -1.24% | 1.2% |
| 2075 | -1.23% | 1.2% |
| 2074 | -1.2% | 1.25% |
| 2073 | -1.21% | 1.27% |
| 2072 | -1.22% | 1.29% |
| 2071 | -1.25% | 1.31% |
| 2070 | -1.22% | 1.36% |
| 2069 | -1.21% | 1.36% |
| 2068 | -1.29% | 1.37% |
| 2067 | -1.26% | 1.42% |
| 2066 | -1.29% | 1.43% |
| 2065 | -1.25% | 1.45% |
| 2064 | -1.23% | 1.48% |
| 2063 | -1.21% | 1.53% |
| 2062 | -1.23% | 1.52% |
| 2061 | -1.25% | 1.53% |
| 2060 | -1.22% | 1.55% |
| 2059 | -1.22% | 1.56% |
| 2058 | -1.24% | 1.58% |
| 2057 | -1.3% | 1.6% |
| 2056 | -1.29% | 1.62% |
| 2055 | -1.18% | 1.67% |
| 2054 | -1.2% | 1.69% |
| 2053 | -1.15% | 1.72% |
| 2052 | -1.21% | 1.75% |
| 2051 | -1.15% | 1.77% |
| 2050 | -1.18% | 1.79% |
| 2049 | -1.11% | 1.83% |
| 2048 | -1.15% | 1.88% |
| 2047 | -1.14% | 1.9% |
| 2046 | -1.09% | 1.93% |
| 2045 | -1.07% | 1.95% |
| 2044 | -1.08% | 2.02% |
| 2043 | -1.06% | 2.04% |
| 2042 | -1.11% | 2.1% |
| 2041 | -1.06% | 2.1% |
| 2040 | -1.02% | 2.13% |
| 2039 | -0.94% | 2.16% |
| 2038 | -0.94% | 2.18% |
| 2037 | -0.94% | 2.21% |
| 2036 | -0.94% | 2.23% |
| 2035 | -1% | 2.27% |
| 2034 | -0.92% | 2.31% |
| 2033 | -0.9% | 2.32% |
| 2032 | -0.79% | 2.35% |
| 2031 | -0.79% | 2.33% |
| 2030 | -0.78% | 2.33% |
| 2029 | -0.82% | 2.34% |
| 2028 | -0.84% | 2.36% |
| 2027 | -0.84% | 2.35% |
| 2026 | -0.81% | 2.38% |
| 2025 | -0.72% | 2.41% |
| 2024 | -0.65% | 2.43% |
| 2023 | -0.62% | 2.45% |
| 2022 | -1.24% | 2.43% |
| 2021 | -1.65% | 2.42% |
| 2020 | -1.38% | 2.42% |
| 2019 | -1.22% | 2.44% |
| 2018 | -1.22% | 2.47% |
| 2017 | -1.28% | 2.46% |
| 2016 | -1.29% | 2.45% |
| 2015 | -1.3% | 2.45% |
| 2014 | -1.27% | 2.45% |
| 2013 | -1.61% | 2.46% |
| 2012 | -1.92% | 2.84% |
| 2011 | -1.83% | 3.3% |
| 2010 | -1.76% | 4.23% |
| 2009 | -1.72% | 4.08% |
| 2008 | -1.64% | 3.34% |
| 2007 | -1.23% | 3.73% |
| 2006 | -0.81% | 3.81% |
| 2005 | -1.07% | 3.67% |
| 2004 | -0.9% | 3.48% |
| 2003 | -0.23% | 2.83% |
| 2002 | 0.2% | 2.39% |
| 2001 | 0.47% | 3.85% |
| 2000 | 0.71% | 3.91% |
| 1999 | 1% | 2.74% |
| 1998 | 1.77% | 2.22% |
| 1997 | 3.69% | 2.16% |
| 1996 | 4.3% | 2.81% |
| 1995 | -0.26% | 2.85% |
| 1994 | -4.59% | 3.01% |
| 1993 | -7.8% | 3% |
| 1992 | -5.02% | 2.87% |
| 1991 | 0.22% | 2.88% |
| 1990 | 0.33% | 2.9% |
| 1989 | 0.44% | 2.93% |
| 1988 | 0.55% | 2.94% |
| 1987 | 0.64% | 2.96% |
| 1986 | 0.73% | 2.98% |
| 1985 | 0.81% | 2.99% |
| 1984 | 0.86% | 2.52% |
| 1983 | 0.89% | 2.09% |
| 1982 | 0.88% | 2.18% |
| 1981 | 0.86% | 2.23% |
| 1980 | 0.85% | 2.26% |
| 1979 | 0.86% | 2.31% |
| 1978 | 0.89% | 2.37% |
| 1977 | 0.94% | 2.42% |
| 1976 | 0.98% | 2.47% |
| 1975 | 1% | 2.83% |
| 1974 | 1.01% | 3.17% |
| 1973 | 1.02% | 3.18% |
| 1972 | 1.02% | 3.15% |
| 1971 | 0.96% | 3.11% |
| 1970 | 0.95% | 3.06% |
| 1969 | 1.05% | 3.01% |
| 1968 | 1.16% | 2.96% |
| 1967 | 1.26% | 2.91% |
| 1966 | 1.34% | 2.87% |
| 1965 | 1.41% | 2.81% |
| 1964 | 1.49% | 2.76% |
| 1963 | 1.6% | 2.7% |
| 1962 | 1.78% | 2.65% |
| 1961 | 2.03% | 2.62% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/bosnia-and-herzegovina/congo | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina declined by 0.65%, while the Congo's population grew by 2.43%.
Live population counters
|
Bosnia
|
Congo
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
3116111
|
6681829
|
| Population rank | 135/197 | 109/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.04% | 0.08% |
| One net population change |
25.2 minutes
|
3.5 minutes
|
| One birth every |
21.4 minutes
|
2.78 minutes
|
| One death every |
12.3 minutes
|
13.5 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | -57 | +411 |
| Annual growth/decline | -20,820 | +150,076 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | -0.65% | +2.43% |
| Population growth rate rank | 190/197 | 31/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.26 hours
|
2.93 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -6,994 | -2,999 |
| Net migration rank | 124/196 | 108/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 34,120 | 385,589 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 160/195 | 91/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 1.1% | 6.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 151/195 | 86/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bosnia
|
Congo
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -6,994 | - | -2,999 |
| 2024 | - | -4,497 | - | -2,491 |
| 2023 | -18,292 | -485 | 150,486 | -995 |
| 2022 | -20,197 | -485 | 147,076 | -995 |
| 2021 | -33,670 | -25,865 | 144,241 | -4,476 |
| 2020 | -22,502 | -26,840 | 143,492 | -4,472 |
| 2019 | -15,192 | -27,841 | 139,513 | -6,268 |
| 2018 | -10,761 | -29,147 | 142,704 | -8,856 |
| 2017 | -12,810 | -30,650 | 141,973 | -11,601 |
| 2016 | -13,009 | -32,173 | 141,358 | -14,783 |
| 2015 | -11,942 | -33,948 | 141,539 | -18,207 |
| 2014 | -11,009 | -35,683 | 141,674 | -21,598 |
| 2013 | -8,367 | -37,002 | 142,080 | -24,605 |
| 2012 | -6,761 | -66,378 | 142,464 | -26,643 |
| 2011 | -5,354 | -64,875 | 140,371 | 5,262 |
| 2010 | -1,895 | -67,228 | 136,908 | 12,318 |
| 2009 | 652 | -68,182 | 126,904 | 86,014 |
| 2008 | 161 | -68,140 | 120,711 | 1,774 |
| 2007 | 1,557 | -65,335 | 112,459 | 31,239 |
| 2006 | 2,714 | -38,622 | 106,876 | 35,475 |
| 2005 | 6,546 | -37,086 | 101,344 | 38,337 |
| 2004 | 9,549 | -68,008 | 96,577 | 25,412 |
| 2003 | 10,781 | -27,396 | 91,326 | 26,280 |
| 2002 | 10,972 | -13,312 | 88,497 | -16,140 |
| 2001 | 10,424 | 9,055 | 84,876 | -764 |
| 2000 | 11,722 | 8,138 | 78,491 | 79,780 |
| 1999 | 13,568 | 25,495 | 76,204 | 2,470 |
| 1998 | 18,492 | 24,335 | 72,450 | 10,500 |
| 1997 | 19,311 | 80,133 | 66,149 | -20,704 |
| 1996 | 13,327 | 173,193 | 75,628 | 1,085 |
| 1995 | 5,926 | 126,914 | 74,189 | 3,747 |
| 1994 | 4,895 | -157,427 | 72,857 | 1,850 |
| 1993 | -27,199 | -178,416 | 71,119 | 10,218 |
| 1992 | -17,883 | -436,814 | 69,973 | 0 |
| 1991 | 33,692 | -26,483 | 68,534 | 1,966 |
| 1990 | 34,993 | -22,829 | 67,241 | -395 |
| 1989 | 36,802 | -19,634 | 65,944 | 1,214 |
| 1988 | 39,058 | -17,058 | 64,629 | 22 |
| 1987 | 41,172 | -14,853 | 63,183 | 525 |
| 1986 | 42,884 | -12,941 | 61,669 | 367 |
| 1985 | 44,983 | -11,429 | 60,359 | 182 |
| 1984 | 46,413 | -10,321 | 59,028 | 0 |
| 1983 | 47,135 | -9,599 | 58,120 | -18,720 |
| 1982 | 47,023 | -9,298 | 57,036 | -16,664 |
| 1981 | 45,423 | -9,384 | 56,603 | -15,630 |
| 1980 | 42,911 | -7,368 | 55,550 | -14,972 |
| 1979 | 42,157 | -7,454 | 54,723 | -14,378 |
| 1978 | 44,800 | -9,382 | 53,885 | -13,356 |
| 1977 | 48,643 | -11,834 | 53,179 | -12,673 |
| 1976 | 52,107 | -13,778 | 52,148 | -11,971 |
| 1975 | 53,629 | -14,348 | 51,155 | -10,944 |
| 1974 | 53,600 | -14,345 | 49,563 | -312 |
| 1973 | 52,989 | -14,043 | 48,017 | -22 |
| 1972 | 54,072 | -14,807 | 46,427 | 0 |
| 1971 | 54,352 | -15,829 | 44,431 | 0 |
| 1970 | 54,455 | -20,714 | 42,374 | 0 |
| 1969 | 58,454 | -21,229 | 40,532 | 0 |
| 1968 | 61,422 | -20,704 | 38,786 | 0 |
| 1967 | 65,618 | -21,195 | 36,866 | 0 |
| 1966 | 70,085 | -23,196 | 35,452 | 0 |
| 1965 | 72,896 | -24,330 | 33,865 | 0 |
| 1964 | 74,151 | -23,922 | 32,270 | 0 |
| 1963 | 75,380 | -22,611 | 30,832 | 0 |
| 1962 | 77,582 | -21,531 | 29,342 | 0 |
| 1961 | 77,601 | -14,655 | 28,220 | 0 |
| 1960 | 76,840 | -6,481 | 27,094 | 0 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/bosnia-and-herzegovina/congo | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 41.1% of the population change in Bosnia and Herzegovina is from natural causes (a loss of 169,384 people) and 58.9% is from migration (a loss of 243,117 people). In the Congo 94% is from natural causes (a gain of 1,434,056 people) and 6.04% is from migration (a loss of 92,251 people).
As of 2024, 34,120 residents or 1.1% of the population were not native-born in Bosnia and Herzegovina, compared to 385,589 people or 6.1% in the Congo.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Congo
|
Bosnia
|
Congo
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 78.4 years | 66.4 years |
| Average age | 44.7 years | 24.2 years |
| Median age | 46.3 years | 19.5 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 47.6:52.4 | 50:50 |
| Fertility rate | 1.49 births per woman | 4.16 births per woman |
| Population density | 157.6 ppl/mi² | 50.4 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/bosnia-and-herzegovina/congo | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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