The latest officially reported population of the Congo was 6,332,961 in 2024 vs 91,567,738 people in Iran in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Congo's population is 6,681,829 people compared to 93,468,444 in Iran.
Population statistics:
- Iran's population is 14 times bigger than the Congo's.
- The Congo is ranked the 109th most populous country in the world, while Iran is the 17th.
- The countries together account for 1.21% of the world: 0.08% for the Congo vs 1.13% for Iran.
- For the last 10 years, the Congo has had an average growth rate of +2.44% per year vs +1.19% in Iran.
- Since 2006, the population of the Congo has increased from 3.84M people to 6.68M (74.1% growth), while Iran has grown from 73.4M to 93.5M (27.4% growth).
Congo vs Iran: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Congo
|
Iran
|
|
| 2100 | 20,197,393 | 80,713,760 |
| 2099 | 20,056,338 | 81,246,718 |
| 2098 | 19,909,990 | 81,770,953 |
| 2097 | 19,763,169 | 82,295,714 |
| 2096 | 19,613,556 | 82,818,575 |
| 2095 | 19,462,505 | 83,338,446 |
| 2094 | 19,309,823 | 83,854,648 |
| 2093 | 19,154,254 | 84,371,569 |
| 2092 | 18,993,517 | 84,888,626 |
| 2091 | 18,831,137 | 85,410,099 |
| 2090 | 18,666,035 | 85,934,675 |
| 2089 | 18,500,705 | 86,466,409 |
| 2088 | 18,328,408 | 87,004,165 |
| 2087 | 18,156,542 | 87,549,685 |
| 2086 | 17,982,556 | 88,105,571 |
| 2085 | 17,810,599 | 88,668,329 |
| 2084 | 17,634,115 | 89,239,709 |
| 2083 | 17,455,922 | 89,817,194 |
| 2082 | 17,273,447 | 90,402,538 |
| 2081 | 17,095,916 | 90,995,822 |
| 2080 | 16,913,187 | 91,595,122 |
| 2079 | 16,731,545 | 92,196,842 |
| 2078 | 16,545,390 | 92,801,160 |
| 2077 | 16,360,458 | 93,405,954 |
| 2076 | 16,175,508 | 94,007,669 |
| 2075 | 15,984,378 | 94,606,607 |
| 2074 | 15,794,071 | 95,197,577 |
| 2073 | 15,599,735 | 95,783,994 |
| 2072 | 15,404,494 | 96,355,853 |
| 2071 | 15,207,921 | 96,915,335 |
| 2070 | 15,011,471 | 97,460,813 |
| 2069 | 14,810,543 | 97,988,897 |
| 2068 | 14,612,051 | 98,496,927 |
| 2067 | 14,415,033 | 98,978,509 |
| 2066 | 14,213,222 | 99,439,391 |
| 2065 | 14,012,829 | 99,877,457 |
| 2064 | 13,813,071 | 100,288,977 |
| 2063 | 13,611,733 | 100,668,199 |
| 2062 | 13,407,155 | 101,017,348 |
| 2061 | 13,206,406 | 101,332,810 |
| 2060 | 13,006,970 | 101,612,261 |
| 2059 | 12,808,144 | 101,858,931 |
| 2058 | 12,611,185 | 102,061,144 |
| 2057 | 12,415,316 | 102,228,085 |
| 2056 | 12,219,298 | 102,358,266 |
| 2055 | 12,024,601 | 102,449,092 |
| 2054 | 11,826,644 | 102,498,594 |
| 2053 | 11,629,783 | 102,508,245 |
| 2052 | 11,433,645 | 102,480,373 |
| 2051 | 11,236,927 | 102,417,847 |
| 2050 | 11,041,020 | 102,318,917 |
| 2049 | 10,846,652 | 102,189,816 |
| 2048 | 10,651,879 | 102,024,233 |
| 2047 | 10,455,019 | 101,832,213 |
| 2046 | 10,260,138 | 101,613,554 |
| 2045 | 10,065,444 | 101,371,784 |
| 2044 | 9,872,742 | 101,104,998 |
| 2043 | 9,677,498 | 100,818,045 |
| 2042 | 9,483,953 | 100,512,032 |
| 2041 | 9,288,673 | 100,188,214 |
| 2040 | 9,097,986 | 99,849,875 |
| 2039 | 8,908,556 | 99,501,869 |
| 2038 | 8,720,599 | 99,137,385 |
| 2037 | 8,534,256 | 98,759,167 |
| 2036 | 8,350,011 | 98,366,612 |
| 2035 | 8,167,940 | 97,963,082 |
| 2034 | 7,986,915 | 97,546,148 |
| 2033 | 7,806,956 | 97,118,106 |
| 2032 | 7,629,621 | 96,671,440 |
| 2031 | 7,454,630 | 96,204,118 |
| 2030 | 7,285,238 | 95,718,604 |
| 2029 | 7,119,031 | 95,195,996 |
| 2028 | 6,956,345 | 94,623,034 |
| 2027 | 6,795,830 | 93,987,260 |
| 2026 | 6,639,560 | 93,276,075 |
| 2025 | 6,485,440 | 92,478,162 |
| 2024 | 6,332,961 | 91,567,738 |
| 2023 | 6,182,885 | 90,608,707 |
| 2022 | 6,035,104 | 89,524,246 |
| 2021 | 5,892,183 | 88,455,488 |
| 2020 | 5,752,791 | 87,723,443 |
| 2019 | 5,616,661 | 87,051,648 |
| 2018 | 5,483,118 | 86,117,998 |
| 2017 | 5,351,011 | 85,026,754 |
| 2016 | 5,222,536 | 83,812,228 |
| 2015 | 5,097,581 | 82,619,362 |
| 2014 | 4,975,880 | 81,502,045 |
| 2013 | 4,857,099 | 80,414,686 |
| 2012 | 4,740,450 | 79,370,580 |
| 2011 | 4,609,724 | 78,383,598 |
| 2010 | 4,462,290 | 77,420,842 |
| 2009 | 4,281,219 | 76,457,825 |
| 2008 | 4,113,517 | 75,514,204 |
| 2007 | 3,980,430 | 74,602,648 |
| 2006 | 3,837,409 | 73,392,747 |
| 2005 | 3,696,393 | 71,828,455 |
| 2004 | 3,565,554 | 70,256,316 |
| 2003 | 3,445,753 | 68,769,340 |
| 2002 | 3,350,771 | 68,011,317 |
| 2001 | 3,272,537 | 67,452,005 |
| 2000 | 3,151,345 | 66,418,659 |
| 1999 | 3,032,874 | 65,445,391 |
| 1998 | 2,952,061 | 64,519,859 |
| 1997 | 2,887,862 | 63,639,638 |
| 1996 | 2,826,785 | 62,881,300 |
| 1995 | 2,749,461 | 62,205,567 |
| 1994 | 2,673,144 | 61,520,598 |
| 1993 | 2,595,124 | 61,403,543 |
| 1992 | 2,519,465 | 61,184,983 |
| 1991 | 2,449,229 | 59,986,931 |
| 1990 | 2,380,560 | 58,380,092 |
| 1989 | 2,313,558 | 56,704,914 |
| 1988 | 2,247,653 | 55,072,694 |
| 1987 | 2,183,473 | 53,323,493 |
| 1986 | 2,120,602 | 51,446,045 |
| 1985 | 2,059,311 | 49,582,289 |
| 1984 | 1,999,528 | 47,793,998 |
| 1983 | 1,950,321 | 46,029,535 |
| 1982 | 1,910,430 | 44,272,141 |
| 1981 | 1,869,759 | 41,989,312 |
| 1980 | 1,828,985 | 39,842,324 |
| 1979 | 1,788,524 | 38,424,952 |
| 1978 | 1,748,089 | 37,126,535 |
| 1977 | 1,707,568 | 35,933,181 |
| 1976 | 1,667,225 | 34,837,271 |
| 1975 | 1,627,032 | 33,802,973 |
| 1974 | 1,582,301 | 32,796,463 |
| 1973 | 1,533,680 | 31,839,838 |
| 1972 | 1,486,468 | 30,921,179 |
| 1971 | 1,441,039 | 30,029,071 |
| 1970 | 1,397,638 | 29,145,100 |
| 1969 | 1,356,182 | 28,273,482 |
| 1968 | 1,316,519 | 27,437,391 |
| 1967 | 1,278,691 | 26,628,432 |
| 1966 | 1,242,534 | 25,829,270 |
| 1965 | 1,207,880 | 25,036,978 |
| 1964 | 1,174,816 | 24,262,859 |
| 1963 | 1,143,263 | 23,519,005 |
| 1962 | 1,113,175 | 22,807,907 |
| 1961 | 1,084,389 | 22,125,726 |
| 1960 | 1,056,732 | 21,470,434 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/congo/iran | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of the Congo increased by 1,385,127 people (a 36.1% growth), while Iran gained 10,419,481 people (a 14.2% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, the Congo gained 1,459,293 people (a 27.9% growth), while Iran's population increased by 9,656,216 people (a 11.5% growth).
The Congo was ranked 125th most populous country in 2006 and is 109th in 2026. Iran was ranked 17th in 2006 and still ranked 17th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) the Congo's population will grow by 65.2% to 11,041,020 people with a rank change from 109th to 95th. The population of Iran will increase by 9.47% to 102,318,917 people and rank change from 17th to 18th.
The Congo is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 20.2M people compared to the peak of 103M people in 2053 for Iran.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Congo
|
Iran
|
|
| 2100 | 0.7% | -0.66% |
| 2099 | 0.74% | -0.64% |
| 2098 | 0.74% | -0.64% |
| 2097 | 0.76% | -0.63% |
| 2096 | 0.78% | -0.62% |
| 2095 | 0.79% | -0.62% |
| 2094 | 0.81% | -0.61% |
| 2093 | 0.85% | -0.61% |
| 2092 | 0.86% | -0.61% |
| 2091 | 0.88% | -0.61% |
| 2090 | 0.89% | -0.61% |
| 2089 | 0.94% | -0.62% |
| 2088 | 0.95% | -0.62% |
| 2087 | 0.97% | -0.63% |
| 2086 | 0.97% | -0.63% |
| 2085 | 1% | -0.64% |
| 2084 | 1.02% | -0.64% |
| 2083 | 1.06% | -0.65% |
| 2082 | 1.04% | -0.65% |
| 2081 | 1.08% | -0.65% |
| 2080 | 1.09% | -0.65% |
| 2079 | 1.13% | -0.65% |
| 2078 | 1.13% | -0.65% |
| 2077 | 1.14% | -0.64% |
| 2076 | 1.2% | -0.63% |
| 2075 | 1.2% | -0.62% |
| 2074 | 1.25% | -0.61% |
| 2073 | 1.27% | -0.59% |
| 2072 | 1.29% | -0.58% |
| 2071 | 1.31% | -0.56% |
| 2070 | 1.36% | -0.54% |
| 2069 | 1.36% | -0.52% |
| 2068 | 1.37% | -0.49% |
| 2067 | 1.42% | -0.46% |
| 2066 | 1.43% | -0.44% |
| 2065 | 1.45% | -0.41% |
| 2064 | 1.48% | -0.38% |
| 2063 | 1.53% | -0.35% |
| 2062 | 1.52% | -0.31% |
| 2061 | 1.53% | -0.28% |
| 2060 | 1.55% | -0.24% |
| 2059 | 1.56% | -0.2% |
| 2058 | 1.58% | -0.16% |
| 2057 | 1.6% | -0.13% |
| 2056 | 1.62% | -0.09% |
| 2055 | 1.67% | -0.05% |
| 2054 | 1.69% | -0.009% |
| 2053 | 1.72% | 0.03% |
| 2052 | 1.75% | 0.06% |
| 2051 | 1.77% | 0.1% |
| 2050 | 1.79% | 0.13% |
| 2049 | 1.83% | 0.16% |
| 2048 | 1.88% | 0.19% |
| 2047 | 1.9% | 0.22% |
| 2046 | 1.93% | 0.24% |
| 2045 | 1.95% | 0.26% |
| 2044 | 2.02% | 0.28% |
| 2043 | 2.04% | 0.3% |
| 2042 | 2.1% | 0.32% |
| 2041 | 2.1% | 0.34% |
| 2040 | 2.13% | 0.35% |
| 2039 | 2.16% | 0.37% |
| 2038 | 2.18% | 0.38% |
| 2037 | 2.21% | 0.4% |
| 2036 | 2.23% | 0.41% |
| 2035 | 2.27% | 0.43% |
| 2034 | 2.31% | 0.44% |
| 2033 | 2.32% | 0.46% |
| 2032 | 2.35% | 0.49% |
| 2031 | 2.33% | 0.51% |
| 2030 | 2.33% | 0.55% |
| 2029 | 2.34% | 0.61% |
| 2028 | 2.36% | 0.68% |
| 2027 | 2.35% | 0.76% |
| 2026 | 2.38% | 0.86% |
| 2025 | 2.41% | 0.99% |
| 2024 | 2.43% | 1.06% |
| 2023 | 2.45% | 1.21% |
| 2022 | 2.43% | 1.21% |
| 2021 | 2.42% | 0.83% |
| 2020 | 2.42% | 0.77% |
| 2019 | 2.44% | 1.08% |
| 2018 | 2.47% | 1.28% |
| 2017 | 2.46% | 1.45% |
| 2016 | 2.45% | 1.44% |
| 2015 | 2.45% | 1.37% |
| 2014 | 2.45% | 1.35% |
| 2013 | 2.46% | 1.32% |
| 2012 | 2.84% | 1.26% |
| 2011 | 3.3% | 1.24% |
| 2010 | 4.23% | 1.26% |
| 2009 | 4.08% | 1.25% |
| 2008 | 3.34% | 1.22% |
| 2007 | 3.73% | 1.65% |
| 2006 | 3.81% | 2.18% |
| 2005 | 3.67% | 2.24% |
| 2004 | 3.48% | 2.16% |
| 2003 | 2.83% | 1.11% |
| 2002 | 2.39% | 0.83% |
| 2001 | 3.85% | 1.56% |
| 2000 | 3.91% | 1.49% |
| 1999 | 2.74% | 1.43% |
| 1998 | 2.22% | 1.38% |
| 1997 | 2.16% | 1.21% |
| 1996 | 2.81% | 1.09% |
| 1995 | 2.85% | 1.11% |
| 1994 | 3.01% | 0.19% |
| 1993 | 3% | 0.36% |
| 1992 | 2.87% | 2% |
| 1991 | 2.88% | 2.75% |
| 1990 | 2.9% | 2.95% |
| 1989 | 2.93% | 2.96% |
| 1988 | 2.94% | 3.28% |
| 1987 | 2.96% | 3.65% |
| 1986 | 2.98% | 3.76% |
| 1985 | 2.99% | 3.74% |
| 1984 | 2.52% | 3.83% |
| 1983 | 2.09% | 3.97% |
| 1982 | 2.18% | 5.44% |
| 1981 | 2.23% | 5.39% |
| 1980 | 2.26% | 3.69% |
| 1979 | 2.31% | 3.5% |
| 1978 | 2.37% | 3.32% |
| 1977 | 2.42% | 3.15% |
| 1976 | 2.47% | 3.06% |
| 1975 | 2.83% | 3.07% |
| 1974 | 3.17% | 3% |
| 1973 | 3.18% | 2.97% |
| 1972 | 3.15% | 2.97% |
| 1971 | 3.11% | 3.03% |
| 1970 | 3.06% | 3.08% |
| 1969 | 3.01% | 3.05% |
| 1968 | 2.96% | 3.04% |
| 1967 | 2.91% | 3.09% |
| 1966 | 2.87% | 3.16% |
| 1965 | 2.81% | 3.19% |
| 1964 | 2.76% | 3.16% |
| 1963 | 2.7% | 3.12% |
| 1962 | 2.65% | 3.08% |
| 1961 | 2.62% | 3.05% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/congo/iran | CC BY
In 2024, the population of the Congo grew by 2.43%, while Iran's population grew by 1.06%.
Live population counters
|
Congo
|
Iran
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
6681829
|
93468444
|
| Population rank | 109/197 | 17/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.08% | 1.13% |
| One net population change |
3.5 minutes
|
32.9 seconds
|
| One birth every |
2.78 minutes
|
26.9 seconds
|
| One death every |
13.5 minutes
|
1.24 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +411 | +2,627 |
| Annual growth/decline | +150,076 | +959,031 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.43% | +1.06% |
| Population growth rate rank | 31/197 | 98/197 |
| One migration net change every |
2.93 hours
|
4.51 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -2,999 | +116,786 |
| Net migration rank | 108/196 | 14/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 385,589 | 3,840,654 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 91/195 | 17/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 6.1% | 4.2% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 86/195 | 103/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Congo
|
Iran
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -2,999 | - | 116,786 |
| 2024 | - | -2,491 | - | 190,156 |
| 2023 | 150,486 | -995 | 750,150 | 262,044 |
| 2022 | 147,076 | -995 | 753,525 | 403,190 |
| 2021 | 144,241 | -4,476 | 645,725 | 334,967 |
| 2020 | 143,492 | -4,472 | 663,978 | -180,680 |
| 2019 | 139,513 | -6,268 | 893,063 | -32,794 |
| 2018 | 142,704 | -8,856 | 1,035,052 | -27,946 |
| 2017 | 141,973 | -11,601 | 1,140,549 | 34,849 |
| 2016 | 141,358 | -14,783 | 1,186,949 | 66,630 |
| 2015 | 141,539 | -18,207 | 1,178,317 | -46,239 |
| 2014 | 141,674 | -21,598 | 1,158,552 | -56,042 |
| 2013 | 142,080 | -24,605 | 1,119,533 | -47,322 |
| 2012 | 142,464 | -26,643 | 1,073,804 | -57,823 |
| 2011 | 140,371 | 5,262 | 1,023,925 | -65,924 |
| 2010 | 136,908 | 12,318 | 980,380 | -12,849 |
| 2009 | 126,904 | 86,014 | 958,322 | 211 |
| 2008 | 120,711 | 1,774 | 940,983 | -12,184 |
| 2007 | 112,459 | 31,239 | 919,254 | -24,950 |
| 2006 | 106,876 | 35,475 | 884,529 | 640,932 |
| 2005 | 101,344 | 38,337 | 837,305 | 765,873 |
| 2004 | 96,577 | 25,412 | 801,203 | 739,996 |
| 2003 | 91,326 | 26,280 | 732,600 | 700,222 |
| 2002 | 88,497 | -16,140 | 752,205 | -668,962 |
| 2001 | 84,876 | -764 | 743,658 | 291,692 |
| 2000 | 78,491 | 79,780 | 731,203 | 300,133 |
| 1999 | 76,204 | 2,470 | 723,237 | 191,988 |
| 1998 | 72,450 | 10,500 | 717,655 | 218,171 |
| 1997 | 66,149 | -20,704 | 726,574 | 98,009 |
| 1996 | 75,628 | 1,085 | 784,508 | -92,435 |
| 1995 | 74,189 | 3,747 | 879,648 | -220,258 |
| 1994 | 72,857 | 1,850 | 1,008,076 | -297,487 |
| 1993 | 71,119 | 10,218 | 1,219,658 | -1,696,091 |
| 1992 | 69,973 | 0 | 1,365,466 | -451,945 |
| 1991 | 68,534 | 1,966 | 1,495,594 | -13,059 |
| 1990 | 67,241 | -395 | 1,530,434 | 200,711 |
| 1989 | 65,944 | 1,214 | 1,609,739 | 9,460 |
| 1988 | 64,629 | 22 | 1,614,512 | 30,688 |
| 1987 | 63,183 | 525 | 1,639,644 | 213,524 |
| 1986 | 61,669 | 367 | 1,659,289 | 242,411 |
| 1985 | 60,359 | 182 | 1,661,750 | 163,999 |
| 1984 | 59,028 | 0 | 1,653,051 | 97,748 |
| 1983 | 58,120 | -18,720 | 1,573,612 | 204,544 |
| 1982 | 57,036 | -16,664 | 1,514,240 | 222,390 |
| 1981 | 56,603 | -15,630 | 1,376,830 | 1,452,169 |
| 1980 | 55,550 | -14,972 | 1,361,293 | 103,674 |
| 1979 | 54,723 | -14,378 | 1,294,306 | 75,451 |
| 1978 | 53,885 | -13,356 | 1,156,974 | 70,088 |
| 1977 | 53,179 | -12,673 | 1,091,542 | 68,093 |
| 1976 | 52,148 | -11,971 | 1,013,347 | 18,825 |
| 1975 | 51,155 | -10,944 | 929,481 | 106,921 |
| 1974 | 49,563 | -312 | 873,369 | 103,252 |
| 1973 | 48,017 | -22 | 831,880 | 104,779 |
| 1972 | 46,427 | 0 | 804,043 | 96,614 |
| 1971 | 44,431 | 0 | 805,830 | 77,717 |
| 1970 | 42,374 | 0 | 794,612 | 89,757 |
| 1969 | 40,532 | 0 | 780,660 | 78,196 |
| 1968 | 38,786 | 0 | 743,992 | 69,342 |
| 1967 | 36,866 | 0 | 727,276 | 77,313 |
| 1966 | 35,452 | 0 | 695,040 | 98,709 |
| 1965 | 33,865 | 0 | 663,029 | 127,808 |
| 1964 | 32,270 | 0 | 635,589 | 121,817 |
| 1963 | 30,832 | 0 | 620,126 | 110,190 |
| 1962 | 29,342 | 0 | 595,538 | 96,332 |
| 1961 | 28,220 | 0 | 594,674 | 77,811 |
| 1960 | 27,094 | 0 | 584,060 | 54,041 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/congo/iran | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 94% of the population change in the Congo is from natural causes (a gain of 1,434,056 people) and 6.04% is from migration (a loss of 92,251 people). In Iran 92.5% is from natural causes (a gain of 9,405,860 people) and 7.46% is from migration (a gain of 757,979 people).
As of 2024, 385,589 residents or 6.1% of the population were not native-born in the Congo, compared to 3,840,654 people or 4.2% in Iran.
Biggest cities by population
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between the Congo and Iran
|
Congo
|
Iran
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 66.4 years | 78.2 years |
| Average age | 24.2 years | 34.3 years |
| Median age | 19.5 years | 34.3 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50:50 | 50.8:49.2 |
| Fertility rate | 4.16 births per woman | 1.7 births per woman |
| Population density | 50.4 ppl/mi² | 148.9 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/congo/iran | CC BY
Help us show the world through your eyes
Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.
Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.