The latest officially reported population of Italy was 58,952,704 in 2024 vs 2,127,400 people in Slovenia in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Italy's population is 58,562,681 people compared to 2,124,138 in Slovenia.
Population statistics:
- Italy's population is 27.6 times bigger than Slovenia's.
- Italy is ranked the 26th most populous country in the world, while Slovenia is the 147th.
- The countries together account for 0.73% of the world: 0.71% for Italy vs 0.03% for Slovenia.
- For the last 10 years, Italy has had an average growth rate of -0.21% per year vs +0.29% in Slovenia.
- Since 2006, the population of Italy has increased from 58.4M people to 58.6M (0.28% growth), while Slovenia has grown from 2.01M to 2.12M (5.84% growth).
Italy vs Slovenia: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 2100 | 35,208,261 | 1,640,541 |
| 2099 | 35,444,989 | 1,644,752 |
| 2098 | 35,676,340 | 1,648,834 |
| 2097 | 35,914,345 | 1,653,196 |
| 2096 | 36,150,501 | 1,657,434 |
| 2095 | 36,386,787 | 1,661,656 |
| 2094 | 36,619,396 | 1,665,825 |
| 2093 | 36,850,181 | 1,670,076 |
| 2092 | 37,089,746 | 1,674,280 |
| 2091 | 37,323,400 | 1,678,462 |
| 2090 | 37,560,976 | 1,682,998 |
| 2089 | 37,802,157 | 1,687,376 |
| 2088 | 38,040,056 | 1,691,788 |
| 2087 | 38,280,439 | 1,696,409 |
| 2086 | 38,517,279 | 1,701,325 |
| 2085 | 38,761,126 | 1,706,189 |
| 2084 | 39,008,873 | 1,711,157 |
| 2083 | 39,255,273 | 1,716,396 |
| 2082 | 39,509,964 | 1,721,709 |
| 2081 | 39,767,732 | 1,727,302 |
| 2080 | 40,030,977 | 1,733,405 |
| 2079 | 40,302,924 | 1,739,518 |
| 2078 | 40,579,648 | 1,746,152 |
| 2077 | 40,860,952 | 1,752,783 |
| 2076 | 41,151,772 | 1,759,639 |
| 2075 | 41,455,646 | 1,766,867 |
| 2074 | 41,779,503 | 1,774,528 |
| 2073 | 42,111,664 | 1,782,697 |
| 2072 | 42,459,257 | 1,790,658 |
| 2071 | 42,814,908 | 1,798,960 |
| 2070 | 43,187,953 | 1,807,483 |
| 2069 | 43,571,469 | 1,816,607 |
| 2068 | 43,964,515 | 1,825,849 |
| 2067 | 44,361,273 | 1,834,865 |
| 2066 | 44,771,926 | 1,844,034 |
| 2065 | 45,197,177 | 1,853,651 |
| 2064 | 45,628,630 | 1,863,550 |
| 2063 | 46,066,216 | 1,873,173 |
| 2062 | 46,517,561 | 1,882,832 |
| 2061 | 46,971,598 | 1,892,739 |
| 2060 | 47,424,830 | 1,902,939 |
| 2059 | 47,879,711 | 1,912,861 |
| 2058 | 48,332,818 | 1,922,175 |
| 2057 | 48,778,066 | 1,932,119 |
| 2056 | 49,222,515 | 1,941,469 |
| 2055 | 49,653,326 | 1,950,861 |
| 2054 | 50,073,600 | 1,959,953 |
| 2053 | 50,488,203 | 1,968,641 |
| 2052 | 50,886,354 | 1,977,227 |
| 2051 | 51,276,616 | 1,985,279 |
| 2050 | 51,663,176 | 1,993,115 |
| 2049 | 52,034,983 | 2,000,477 |
| 2048 | 52,392,012 | 2,007,283 |
| 2047 | 52,745,310 | 2,014,140 |
| 2046 | 53,080,828 | 2,020,756 |
| 2045 | 53,408,660 | 2,027,366 |
| 2044 | 53,723,325 | 2,033,871 |
| 2043 | 54,042,322 | 2,040,173 |
| 2042 | 54,342,628 | 2,046,339 |
| 2041 | 54,629,496 | 2,052,041 |
| 2040 | 54,916,374 | 2,057,278 |
| 2039 | 55,205,078 | 2,062,718 |
| 2038 | 55,481,637 | 2,067,922 |
| 2037 | 55,757,394 | 2,073,705 |
| 2036 | 56,025,224 | 2,079,201 |
| 2035 | 56,295,613 | 2,084,471 |
| 2034 | 56,562,648 | 2,089,430 |
| 2033 | 56,822,364 | 2,094,601 |
| 2032 | 57,078,534 | 2,099,622 |
| 2031 | 57,345,322 | 2,104,690 |
| 2030 | 57,606,120 | 2,109,416 |
| 2029 | 57,851,091 | 2,113,874 |
| 2028 | 58,091,760 | 2,118,053 |
| 2027 | 58,333,039 | 2,121,324 |
| 2026 | 58,562,681 | 2,124,138 |
| 2025 | 58,769,653 | 2,126,340 |
| 2024 | 58,952,704 | 2,127,400 |
| 2023 | 58,984,216 | 2,120,461 |
| 2022 | 59,013,667 | 2,112,076 |
| 2021 | 59,133,173 | 2,108,079 |
| 2020 | 59,438,851 | 2,102,419 |
| 2019 | 59,729,081 | 2,088,385 |
| 2018 | 60,148,658 | 2,073,894 |
| 2017 | 60,002,252 | 2,066,388 |
| 2016 | 60,115,223 | 2,065,042 |
| 2015 | 60,229,605 | 2,063,531 |
| 2014 | 60,320,707 | 2,061,980 |
| 2013 | 60,311,613 | 2,059,953 |
| 2012 | 60,191,247 | 2,057,159 |
| 2011 | 60,026,841 | 2,052,843 |
| 2010 | 59,819,407 | 2,048,583 |
| 2009 | 59,555,454 | 2,039,669 |
| 2008 | 59,211,181 | 2,021,316 |
| 2007 | 58,756,247 | 2,018,122 |
| 2006 | 58,399,861 | 2,006,868 |
| 2005 | 58,166,682 | 2,000,474 |
| 2004 | 57,828,179 | 1,997,012 |
| 2003 | 57,399,184 | 1,995,733 |
| 2002 | 57,089,824 | 1,994,530 |
| 2001 | 56,976,981 | 1,992,060 |
| 2000 | 56,942,108 | 1,988,925 |
| 1999 | 56,916,317 | 1,983,045 |
| 1998 | 56,906,744 | 1,981,629 |
| 1997 | 56,890,372 | 1,985,956 |
| 1996 | 56,860,281 | 1,988,628 |
| 1995 | 56,844,303 | 1,989,872 |
| 1994 | 56,843,400 | 1,989,443 |
| 1993 | 56,831,821 | 1,991,746 |
| 1992 | 56,797,087 | 1,996,498 |
| 1991 | 56,758,521 | 1,999,429 |
| 1990 | 56,719,240 | 1,998,161 |
| 1989 | 56,671,781 | 1,996,351 |
| 1988 | 56,629,288 | 1,995,196 |
| 1987 | 56,601,931 | 1,989,776 |
| 1986 | 56,596,155 | 1,965,964 |
| 1985 | 56,593,071 | 1,941,641 |
| 1984 | 56,576,718 | 1,932,154 |
| 1983 | 56,564,074 | 1,922,321 |
| 1982 | 56,543,548 | 1,910,334 |
| 1981 | 56,501,675 | 1,906,531 |
| 1980 | 56,433,883 | 1,901,315 |
| 1979 | 56,317,749 | 1,882,599 |
| 1978 | 56,155,143 | 1,862,548 |
| 1977 | 55,955,411 | 1,842,377 |
| 1976 | 55,718,260 | 1,820,249 |
| 1975 | 55,441,001 | 1,793,581 |
| 1974 | 55,110,868 | 1,776,132 |
| 1973 | 54,751,406 | 1,766,697 |
| 1972 | 54,381,345 | 1,752,233 |
| 1971 | 54,073,490 | 1,738,335 |
| 1970 | 53,821,850 | 1,724,891 |
| 1969 | 53,537,950 | 1,713,874 |
| 1968 | 53,235,750 | 1,704,546 |
| 1967 | 52,900,500 | 1,689,528 |
| 1966 | 52,519,000 | 1,669,905 |
| 1965 | 52,112,350 | 1,649,160 |
| 1964 | 51,675,350 | 1,632,114 |
| 1963 | 51,252,000 | 1,616,971 |
| 1962 | 50,879,450 | 1,603,649 |
| 1961 | 50,536,350 | 1,594,131 |
| 1960 | 50,199,700 | 1,584,720 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/italy/slovenia | CC BY
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Italy increased by 1,715,362 people (a 2.94% growth), while Slovenia gained 58,174 people (a 2.9% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Italy lost 1,552,542 people (a 2.58% decline), while Slovenia's population increased by 59,096 people (a 2.86% growth).
Italy was ranked 23rd most populous country in 2006 and is 26th in 2026. Slovenia was ranked 141st in 2006 and ranked 147th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Italy's population will shrink by 11.8% to 51,663,176 people with a rank change from 26th to 40th. The population of Slovenia will decrease by 6.17% to 1,993,115 people and will still be ranked 147th.
Both countries are in a period of decline and in 50 years are projected to lose 29.7% of the population in Italy and 17.2% in Slovenia.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 2100 | -0.67% | -0.26% |
| 2099 | -0.65% | -0.25% |
| 2098 | -0.66% | -0.26% |
| 2097 | -0.65% | -0.26% |
| 2096 | -0.65% | -0.25% |
| 2095 | -0.64% | -0.25% |
| 2094 | -0.63% | -0.25% |
| 2093 | -0.65% | -0.25% |
| 2092 | -0.63% | -0.25% |
| 2091 | -0.63% | -0.27% |
| 2090 | -0.64% | -0.26% |
| 2089 | -0.63% | -0.26% |
| 2088 | -0.63% | -0.27% |
| 2087 | -0.61% | -0.29% |
| 2086 | -0.63% | -0.29% |
| 2085 | -0.64% | -0.29% |
| 2084 | -0.63% | -0.31% |
| 2083 | -0.64% | -0.31% |
| 2082 | -0.65% | -0.32% |
| 2081 | -0.66% | -0.35% |
| 2080 | -0.67% | -0.35% |
| 2079 | -0.68% | -0.38% |
| 2078 | -0.69% | -0.38% |
| 2077 | -0.71% | -0.39% |
| 2076 | -0.73% | -0.41% |
| 2075 | -0.78% | -0.43% |
| 2074 | -0.79% | -0.46% |
| 2073 | -0.82% | -0.44% |
| 2072 | -0.83% | -0.46% |
| 2071 | -0.86% | -0.47% |
| 2070 | -0.88% | -0.5% |
| 2069 | -0.89% | -0.51% |
| 2068 | -0.89% | -0.49% |
| 2067 | -0.92% | -0.5% |
| 2066 | -0.94% | -0.52% |
| 2065 | -0.95% | -0.53% |
| 2064 | -0.95% | -0.51% |
| 2063 | -0.97% | -0.51% |
| 2062 | -0.97% | -0.52% |
| 2061 | -0.96% | -0.54% |
| 2060 | -0.95% | -0.52% |
| 2059 | -0.94% | -0.48% |
| 2058 | -0.91% | -0.51% |
| 2057 | -0.9% | -0.48% |
| 2056 | -0.87% | -0.48% |
| 2055 | -0.84% | -0.46% |
| 2054 | -0.82% | -0.44% |
| 2053 | -0.78% | -0.43% |
| 2052 | -0.76% | -0.41% |
| 2051 | -0.75% | -0.39% |
| 2050 | -0.71% | -0.37% |
| 2049 | -0.68% | -0.34% |
| 2048 | -0.67% | -0.34% |
| 2047 | -0.63% | -0.33% |
| 2046 | -0.61% | -0.33% |
| 2045 | -0.59% | -0.32% |
| 2044 | -0.59% | -0.31% |
| 2043 | -0.55% | -0.3% |
| 2042 | -0.53% | -0.28% |
| 2041 | -0.52% | -0.25% |
| 2040 | -0.52% | -0.26% |
| 2039 | -0.5% | -0.25% |
| 2038 | -0.49% | -0.28% |
| 2037 | -0.48% | -0.26% |
| 2036 | -0.48% | -0.25% |
| 2035 | -0.47% | -0.24% |
| 2034 | -0.46% | -0.25% |
| 2033 | -0.45% | -0.24% |
| 2032 | -0.47% | -0.24% |
| 2031 | -0.45% | -0.22% |
| 2030 | -0.42% | -0.21% |
| 2029 | -0.41% | -0.2% |
| 2028 | -0.41% | -0.15% |
| 2027 | -0.39% | -0.13% |
| 2026 | -0.35% | -0.1% |
| 2025 | -0.31% | -0.05% |
| 2024 | -0.05% | 0.33% |
| 2023 | -0.05% | 0.4% |
| 2022 | -0.2% | 0.19% |
| 2021 | -0.51% | 0.27% |
| 2020 | -0.49% | 0.67% |
| 2019 | -0.7% | 0.7% |
| 2018 | 0.24% | 0.36% |
| 2017 | -0.19% | 0.07% |
| 2016 | -0.19% | 0.07% |
| 2015 | -0.15% | 0.08% |
| 2014 | 0.02% | 0.1% |
| 2013 | 0.2% | 0.14% |
| 2012 | 0.27% | 0.21% |
| 2011 | 0.35% | 0.21% |
| 2010 | 0.44% | 0.44% |
| 2009 | 0.58% | 0.91% |
| 2008 | 0.77% | 0.16% |
| 2007 | 0.61% | 0.56% |
| 2006 | 0.4% | 0.32% |
| 2005 | 0.59% | 0.17% |
| 2004 | 0.75% | 0.06% |
| 2003 | 0.54% | 0.06% |
| 2002 | 0.2% | 0.12% |
| 2001 | 0.06% | 0.16% |
| 2000 | 0.05% | 0.3% |
| 1999 | 0.02% | 0.07% |
| 1998 | 0.03% | -0.22% |
| 1997 | 0.05% | -0.13% |
| 1996 | 0.03% | -0.06% |
| 1995 | 0.002% | 0.02% |
| 1994 | 0.02% | -0.12% |
| 1993 | 0.06% | -0.24% |
| 1992 | 0.07% | -0.15% |
| 1991 | 0.07% | 0.06% |
| 1990 | 0.08% | 0.09% |
| 1989 | 0.08% | 0.06% |
| 1988 | 0.05% | 0.27% |
| 1987 | 0.01% | 1.21% |
| 1986 | 0.005% | 1.25% |
| 1985 | 0.03% | 0.49% |
| 1984 | 0.02% | 0.51% |
| 1983 | 0.04% | 0.63% |
| 1982 | 0.07% | 0.2% |
| 1981 | 0.12% | 0.27% |
| 1980 | 0.21% | 0.99% |
| 1979 | 0.29% | 1.08% |
| 1978 | 0.36% | 1.09% |
| 1977 | 0.43% | 1.22% |
| 1976 | 0.5% | 1.49% |
| 1975 | 0.6% | 0.98% |
| 1974 | 0.66% | 0.53% |
| 1973 | 0.68% | 0.83% |
| 1972 | 0.57% | 0.8% |
| 1971 | 0.47% | 0.78% |
| 1970 | 0.53% | 0.64% |
| 1969 | 0.57% | 0.55% |
| 1968 | 0.63% | 0.89% |
| 1967 | 0.73% | 1.18% |
| 1966 | 0.78% | 1.26% |
| 1965 | 0.85% | 1.04% |
| 1964 | 0.83% | 0.94% |
| 1963 | 0.73% | 0.83% |
| 1962 | 0.68% | 0.6% |
| 1961 | 0.67% | 0.59% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/italy/slovenia | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Italy declined by 0.05%, while Slovenia's population grew by 0.33%.
Live population counters
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
58562681
|
2124138
|
| Population rank | 26/197 | 147/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.71% | 0.03% |
| One net population change |
16.7 minutes
|
1.26 hours
|
| One birth every |
1.39 minutes
|
31 minutes
|
| One death every |
47.7 seconds
|
24.3 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | -86 | +19 |
| Annual growth/decline | -31,512 | +6,939 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | -0.05% | +0.33% |
| Population growth rate rank | 170/197 | 148/197 |
| One migration net change every |
6.99 minutes
|
3.24 hours
|
| Annual migration change | +75,448 | +2,711 |
| Net migration rank | 19/196 | 55/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 6,553,671 | 315,122 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 12/195 | 97/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 11% | 14.9% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 59/195 | 44/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 75,448 | - | 2,711 |
| 2024 | - | 95,246 | - | 3,319 |
| 2023 | -283,125 | 150,189 | -4,665 | 5,339 |
| 2022 | -318,674 | 231,228 | -4,858 | 9,014 |
| 2021 | -301,579 | 157,327 | -4,216 | 2,477 |
| 2020 | -338,801 | 85,281 | -5,256 | 28,514 |
| 2019 | -215,025 | 46,634 | -1,254 | 16,352 |
| 2018 | -192,475 | 83,686 | -1,037 | 14,640 |
| 2017 | -192,007 | 95,147 | -207 | 1,359 |
| 2016 | -138,265 | 84,568 | 826 | 1,195 |
| 2015 | -162,620 | 39,389 | 826 | 712 |
| 2014 | -96,513 | 52,679 | 2,268 | -70 |
| 2013 | -90,468 | 158,090 | 1,648 | 639 |
| 2012 | -78,248 | 252,524 | 2,674 | 1,117 |
| 2011 | -48,021 | 198,544 | 3,285 | 2,190 |
| 2010 | -23,928 | 274,387 | 3,687 | -410 |
| 2009 | -17,866 | 283,676 | 3,060 | 11,594 |
| 2008 | -11,842 | 422,534 | 3,437 | 2,971 |
| 2007 | -5,876 | 495,092 | 1,211 | 14,191 |
| 2006 | 0 | 215,995 | 602 | 6,081 |
| 2005 | -17,450 | 258,702 | -600 | 6,317 |
| 2004 | 11,566 | 417,970 | -599 | 1,759 |
| 2003 | -40,179 | 478,578 | -1,996 | 3,218 |
| 2002 | -22,836 | 223,861 | -1,197 | 1,975 |
| 2001 | -11,396 | 48,903 | -996 | 4,527 |
| 2000 | -17,082 | 56,065 | -398 | 3,124 |
| 1999 | -22,766 | 54,405 | -1,388 | 10,291 |
| 1998 | -39,835 | 67,985 | -1,189 | -5,280 |
| 1997 | -22,756 | 50,539 | -794 | -1,298 |
| 1996 | -22,744 | 53,450 | 0 | -2,456 |
| 1995 | -34,107 | -460,287 | 0 | 356 |
| 1994 | -17,053 | 502,750 | 199 | -153 |
| 1993 | 0 | 24,321 | -199 | -4,641 |
| 1992 | 22,718 | 51,747 | 598 | -5,547 |
| 1991 | 11,352 | 19,721 | 2,199 | -3,325 |
| 1990 | 22,688 | 35,317 | 3,797 | 618 |
| 1989 | 28,336 | 19,540 | 4,592 | -2,718 |
| 1988 | 33,977 | 18,553 | 5,986 | -3,023 |
| 1987 | 16,980 | 7,825 | 5,771 | 2,972 |
| 1986 | 11,319 | -6,206 | 6,094 | 32,700 |
| 1985 | 28,297 | 6,911 | 6,213 | 3,404 |
| 1984 | 50,919 | 203 | 5,990 | 3,280 |
| 1983 | 33,939 | -3,733 | 6,343 | 3,613 |
| 1982 | 79,161 | -24,223 | 9,170 | -8,695 |
| 1981 | 73,452 | 7,182 | 10,485 | -5,016 |
| 1980 | 84,650 | 295,642 | 11,027 | 3,128 |
| 1979 | 129,531 | 42,637 | 12,614 | 2,107 |
| 1978 | 168,465 | 43,932 | 11,920 | 2,113 |
| 1977 | 190,248 | 42,246 | 12,160 | 2,584 |
| 1976 | 228,445 | 40,885 | 12,196 | 2,226 |
| 1975 | 271,660 | 43,051 | 11,658 | 2,421 |
| 1974 | 336,176 | 42,487 | 11,367 | 3,145 |
| 1973 | 328,508 | 41,631 | 11,837 | 2,175 |
| 1972 | 364,355 | 43,182 | 10,513 | 2,924 |
| 1971 | 383,922 | -58,627 | 10,951 | 2,286 |
| 1970 | 376,753 | -62,216 | 10,004 | 260 |
| 1969 | 390,827 | -45,346 | 9,427 | 685 |
| 1968 | 399,268 | -50,149 | 11,250 | 438 |
| 1967 | 439,074 | -37,992 | 13,516 | -192 |
| 1966 | 488,427 | -35,352 | 15,697 | -1,262 |
| 1965 | 474,222 | -36,267 | 14,513 | -1,421 |
| 1964 | 527,089 | -27,368 | 12,567 | -349 |
| 1963 | 440,767 | -28,198 | 14,068 | -180 |
| 1962 | 427,387 | -25,840 | 13,150 | 148 |
| 1961 | 459,880 | -129,761 | 14,985 | -306 |
| 1960 | 426,697 | -140,765 | 12,678 | -929 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/italy/slovenia | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 68.6% of the population change in Italy is from natural causes (a loss of 2,239,084 people) and 31.4% is from migration (a gain of 1,026,128 people). In Slovenia 18.1% is from natural causes (a loss of 17,573 people) and 81.9% is from migration (a gain of 79,532 people).
As of 2024, 6,553,671 residents or 11% of the population were not native-born in Italy, compared to 315,122 people or 14.9% in Slovenia.
Biggest cities by population
|
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Rome | 2.75M |
| Milan | 1.35M |
| Naples | 913K |
| Turin | 842K |
| Palermo | 630K |
| Genoa | 559K |
| Bologna | 388K |
| Florence | 361K |
| Bari | 315K |
| Catania | 312K |
|
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Ljubljana | 284K |
| Maribor | 114K |
| Kranj | 37.6K |
| Celje | 37.1K |
| Velenje | 25.6K |
| Novo Mesto | 24.2K |
| Nova Gorica | 13K |
| Izola | 11.7K |
| Murska Sobota | 11.2K |
| Piran | 3.79K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Italy and Slovenia
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 84.2 years | 82.1 years |
| Average age | 46.5 years | 44 years |
| Median age | 48.8 years | 45.3 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 48.9:51.1 | 50.2:49.8 |
| Fertility rate | 1.2 births per woman | 1.51 births per woman |
| Population density | 513 ppl/mi² | 273.2 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/italy/slovenia | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
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