The latest officially reported population of China was 1,406,585,000 in 2025 vs 219,306 people in Samoa in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current China's population is 1,403,335,670 people compared to 221,158 in Samoa.
Population statistics:
- China's population is 6,345 times bigger than Samoa's.
- China is ranked the 2nd most populous country in the world, while Samoa is the 177th.
- The countries together account for 16.9% of the world: 16.9% for China vs 0.003% for Samoa.
- For the last 10 years, China has had an average growth rate of +0.23% per year vs +0.84% in Samoa.
- Since 2006, the population of China has increased from 1.31B people to 1.4B (7.04% growth), while Samoa has grown from 188K to 221K (17.8% growth).
China vs Samoa: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
China
|
Samoa
|
|
| 2100 | 633,662,382 | 384,035 |
| 2099 | 644,307,192 | 382,728 |
| 2098 | 655,044,881 | 381,414 |
| 2097 | 665,876,462 | 380,066 |
| 2096 | 676,803,171 | 378,599 |
| 2095 | 687,828,883 | 377,074 |
| 2094 | 698,966,872 | 375,519 |
| 2093 | 710,235,681 | 373,888 |
| 2092 | 721,640,723 | 372,169 |
| 2091 | 733,187,178 | 370,373 |
| 2090 | 744,903,105 | 368,608 |
| 2089 | 756,812,472 | 366,755 |
| 2088 | 768,893,004 | 364,803 |
| 2087 | 781,128,909 | 362,850 |
| 2086 | 793,508,970 | 360,862 |
| 2085 | 806,043,039 | 358,840 |
| 2084 | 818,709,832 | 356,781 |
| 2083 | 831,420,518 | 354,649 |
| 2082 | 844,177,036 | 352,438 |
| 2081 | 856,996,835 | 350,145 |
| 2080 | 869,821,040 | 347,866 |
| 2079 | 882,622,985 | 345,496 |
| 2078 | 895,372,147 | 343,017 |
| 2077 | 908,082,676 | 340,475 |
| 2076 | 920,776,984 | 337,881 |
| 2075 | 933,459,600 | 335,254 |
| 2074 | 946,141,456 | 332,652 |
| 2073 | 958,870,128 | 329,962 |
| 2072 | 971,639,931 | 327,203 |
| 2071 | 984,469,009 | 324,322 |
| 2070 | 997,391,342 | 321,610 |
| 2069 | 1,010,450,818 | 318,855 |
| 2068 | 1,023,633,867 | 316,041 |
| 2067 | 1,036,979,285 | 313,344 |
| 2066 | 1,050,453,924 | 310,581 |
| 2065 | 1,064,051,499 | 307,946 |
| 2064 | 1,077,787,979 | 305,328 |
| 2063 | 1,091,571,021 | 302,731 |
| 2062 | 1,105,429,748 | 300,188 |
| 2061 | 1,119,286,514 | 297,795 |
| 2060 | 1,133,115,260 | 295,379 |
| 2059 | 1,146,818,251 | 292,975 |
| 2058 | 1,160,340,554 | 290,541 |
| 2057 | 1,173,596,480 | 288,249 |
| 2056 | 1,186,578,041 | 286,049 |
| 2055 | 1,199,197,172 | 283,835 |
| 2054 | 1,211,403,028 | 281,645 |
| 2053 | 1,223,160,257 | 279,406 |
| 2052 | 1,234,474,716 | 277,095 |
| 2051 | 1,245,255,938 | 274,684 |
| 2050 | 1,255,501,171 | 272,285 |
| 2049 | 1,265,281,319 | 269,817 |
| 2048 | 1,274,572,888 | 267,350 |
| 2047 | 1,283,393,445 | 264,875 |
| 2046 | 1,291,830,414 | 262,303 |
| 2045 | 1,299,855,379 | 259,670 |
| 2044 | 1,307,510,531 | 256,996 |
| 2043 | 1,314,885,869 | 254,462 |
| 2042 | 1,322,032,311 | 251,813 |
| 2041 | 1,328,936,491 | 249,169 |
| 2040 | 1,335,577,799 | 246,598 |
| 2039 | 1,341,989,157 | 244,088 |
| 2038 | 1,348,134,255 | 241,568 |
| 2037 | 1,354,107,817 | 239,227 |
| 2036 | 1,359,866,705 | 236,940 |
| 2035 | 1,365,387,904 | 234,725 |
| 2034 | 1,370,679,807 | 232,695 |
| 2033 | 1,375,744,986 | 230,809 |
| 2032 | 1,380,528,766 | 229,073 |
| 2031 | 1,385,048,521 | 227,359 |
| 2030 | 1,389,269,809 | 225,842 |
| 2029 | 1,393,241,425 | 224,425 |
| 2028 | 1,396,917,178 | 223,027 |
| 2027 | 1,400,271,033 | 221,755 |
| 2026 | 1,403,335,670 | 220,528 |
| 2025 | 1,406,585,000 | 219,306 |
| 2024 | 1,408,975,000 | 218,019 |
| 2023 | 1,410,710,000 | 216,663 |
| 2022 | 1,412,175,000 | 215,261 |
| 2021 | 1,412,360,000 | 213,779 |
| 2020 | 1,411,100,000 | 211,944 |
| 2019 | 1,407,745,000 | 209,780 |
| 2018 | 1,402,760,000 | 207,582 |
| 2017 | 1,396,215,000 | 205,415 |
| 2016 | 1,387,790,000 | 203,499 |
| 2015 | 1,379,860,000 | 201,782 |
| 2014 | 1,371,860,000 | 200,037 |
| 2013 | 1,363,240,000 | 198,268 |
| 2012 | 1,354,190,000 | 196,498 |
| 2011 | 1,345,035,000 | 194,713 |
| 2010 | 1,337,705,000 | 193,023 |
| 2009 | 1,331,260,000 | 191,513 |
| 2008 | 1,324,655,000 | 190,107 |
| 2007 | 1,317,885,000 | 188,753 |
| 2006 | 1,311,020,000 | 187,709 |
| 2005 | 1,303,720,000 | 186,978 |
| 2004 | 1,296,075,000 | 186,249 |
| 2003 | 1,288,400,000 | 185,430 |
| 2002 | 1,280,400,000 | 184,471 |
| 2001 | 1,271,850,000 | 183,166 |
| 2000 | 1,262,645,000 | 181,685 |
| 1999 | 1,252,735,000 | 180,275 |
| 1998 | 1,241,935,000 | 178,905 |
| 1997 | 1,230,075,000 | 177,547 |
| 1996 | 1,217,550,000 | 176,071 |
| 1995 | 1,204,855,000 | 174,571 |
| 1994 | 1,191,835,000 | 173,159 |
| 1993 | 1,178,440,000 | 171,774 |
| 1992 | 1,164,970,000 | 170,331 |
| 1991 | 1,150,780,000 | 169,368 |
| 1990 | 1,135,185,000 | 169,042 |
| 1989 | 1,118,650,000 | 168,768 |
| 1988 | 1,101,630,000 | 168,346 |
| 1987 | 1,084,035,000 | 167,661 |
| 1986 | 1,066,790,000 | 167,061 |
| 1985 | 1,051,040,000 | 166,849 |
| 1984 | 1,036,825,000 | 166,796 |
| 1983 | 1,023,310,000 | 166,714 |
| 1982 | 1,008,630,000 | 166,484 |
| 1981 | 993,885,000 | 165,678 |
| 1980 | 981,235,000 | 164,322 |
| 1979 | 969,005,000 | 162,882 |
| 1978 | 956,165,000 | 161,375 |
| 1977 | 943,455,000 | 159,753 |
| 1976 | 930,685,000 | 157,113 |
| 1975 | 916,395,000 | 153,344 |
| 1974 | 900,350,000 | 149,431 |
| 1973 | 881,940,000 | 146,516 |
| 1972 | 862,030,000 | 144,538 |
| 1971 | 841,105,000 | 142,503 |
| 1970 | 818,315,000 | 140,400 |
| 1969 | 796,025,000 | 138,233 |
| 1968 | 774,510,000 | 136,020 |
| 1967 | 754,550,000 | 133,764 |
| 1966 | 735,400,000 | 131,073 |
| 1965 | 715,185,000 | 127,978 |
| 1964 | 698,355,000 | 124,894 |
| 1963 | 682,335,000 | 121,764 |
| 1962 | 665,770,000 | 118,597 |
| 1961 | 660,330,000 | 115,496 |
| 1960 | 667,070,000 | 112,490 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/china/samoa | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of China increased by 76,770,000 people (a 5.86% growth), while Samoa gained 15,790 people (a 8.41% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, China gained 15,545,670 people (a 1.12% growth), while Samoa's population increased by 17,659 people (a 8.68% growth).
China was ranked 1st most populous country in 2006 and is 2nd in 2026. Samoa was ranked 176th in 2006 and ranked 177th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) China's population will shrink by 10.5% to 1,255,501,171 people and will still be ranked 2nd. The population of Samoa will increase by 23.1% to 272,285 people and rank change from 177th to 176th.
Samoa is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 384K people, while China's population already peaked in 2021 at 1.41B people and is projected to decrease to 634M people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
China
|
Samoa
|
|
| 2100 | -1.65% | 0.34% |
| 2099 | -1.64% | 0.34% |
| 2098 | -1.63% | 0.35% |
| 2097 | -1.61% | 0.39% |
| 2096 | -1.6% | 0.4% |
| 2095 | -1.59% | 0.41% |
| 2094 | -1.59% | 0.44% |
| 2093 | -1.58% | 0.46% |
| 2092 | -1.57% | 0.48% |
| 2091 | -1.57% | 0.48% |
| 2090 | -1.57% | 0.51% |
| 2089 | -1.57% | 0.54% |
| 2088 | -1.57% | 0.54% |
| 2087 | -1.56% | 0.55% |
| 2086 | -1.56% | 0.56% |
| 2085 | -1.55% | 0.58% |
| 2084 | -1.53% | 0.6% |
| 2083 | -1.51% | 0.63% |
| 2082 | -1.5% | 0.65% |
| 2081 | -1.47% | 0.66% |
| 2080 | -1.45% | 0.69% |
| 2079 | -1.42% | 0.72% |
| 2078 | -1.4% | 0.75% |
| 2077 | -1.38% | 0.77% |
| 2076 | -1.36% | 0.78% |
| 2075 | -1.34% | 0.78% |
| 2074 | -1.33% | 0.82% |
| 2073 | -1.31% | 0.84% |
| 2072 | -1.3% | 0.89% |
| 2071 | -1.3% | 0.84% |
| 2070 | -1.29% | 0.86% |
| 2069 | -1.29% | 0.89% |
| 2068 | -1.29% | 0.86% |
| 2067 | -1.28% | 0.89% |
| 2066 | -1.28% | 0.86% |
| 2065 | -1.27% | 0.86% |
| 2064 | -1.26% | 0.86% |
| 2063 | -1.25% | 0.85% |
| 2062 | -1.24% | 0.8% |
| 2061 | -1.22% | 0.82% |
| 2060 | -1.19% | 0.82% |
| 2059 | -1.17% | 0.84% |
| 2058 | -1.13% | 0.8% |
| 2057 | -1.09% | 0.77% |
| 2056 | -1.05% | 0.78% |
| 2055 | -1.01% | 0.78% |
| 2054 | -0.96% | 0.8% |
| 2053 | -0.92% | 0.83% |
| 2052 | -0.87% | 0.88% |
| 2051 | -0.82% | 0.88% |
| 2050 | -0.77% | 0.91% |
| 2049 | -0.73% | 0.92% |
| 2048 | -0.69% | 0.93% |
| 2047 | -0.65% | 0.98% |
| 2046 | -0.62% | 1.01% |
| 2045 | -0.59% | 1.04% |
| 2044 | -0.56% | 1% |
| 2043 | -0.54% | 1.05% |
| 2042 | -0.52% | 1.06% |
| 2041 | -0.5% | 1.04% |
| 2040 | -0.48% | 1.03% |
| 2039 | -0.46% | 1.04% |
| 2038 | -0.44% | 0.98% |
| 2037 | -0.42% | 0.96% |
| 2036 | -0.4% | 0.94% |
| 2035 | -0.39% | 0.87% |
| 2034 | -0.37% | 0.82% |
| 2033 | -0.35% | 0.76% |
| 2032 | -0.33% | 0.75% |
| 2031 | -0.3% | 0.67% |
| 2030 | -0.29% | 0.63% |
| 2029 | -0.26% | 0.63% |
| 2028 | -0.24% | 0.57% |
| 2027 | -0.22% | 0.56% |
| 2026 | -0.23% | 0.56% |
| 2025 | -0.17% | 0.59% |
| 2024 | -0.12% | 0.63% |
| 2023 | -0.1% | 0.65% |
| 2022 | -0.01% | 0.69% |
| 2021 | 0.09% | 0.87% |
| 2020 | 0.24% | 1.03% |
| 2019 | 0.36% | 1.06% |
| 2018 | 0.47% | 1.05% |
| 2017 | 0.61% | 0.94% |
| 2016 | 0.57% | 0.85% |
| 2015 | 0.58% | 0.87% |
| 2014 | 0.63% | 0.89% |
| 2013 | 0.67% | 0.9% |
| 2012 | 0.68% | 0.92% |
| 2011 | 0.55% | 0.88% |
| 2010 | 0.48% | 0.79% |
| 2009 | 0.5% | 0.74% |
| 2008 | 0.51% | 0.72% |
| 2007 | 0.52% | 0.56% |
| 2006 | 0.56% | 0.39% |
| 2005 | 0.59% | 0.39% |
| 2004 | 0.6% | 0.44% |
| 2003 | 0.62% | 0.52% |
| 2002 | 0.67% | 0.71% |
| 2001 | 0.73% | 0.82% |
| 2000 | 0.79% | 0.78% |
| 1999 | 0.87% | 0.77% |
| 1998 | 0.96% | 0.76% |
| 1997 | 1.03% | 0.84% |
| 1996 | 1.05% | 0.86% |
| 1995 | 1.09% | 0.82% |
| 1994 | 1.14% | 0.81% |
| 1993 | 1.16% | 0.85% |
| 1992 | 1.23% | 0.57% |
| 1991 | 1.37% | 0.19% |
| 1990 | 1.48% | 0.16% |
| 1989 | 1.54% | 0.25% |
| 1988 | 1.62% | 0.41% |
| 1987 | 1.62% | 0.36% |
| 1986 | 1.5% | 0.13% |
| 1985 | 1.37% | 0.03% |
| 1984 | 1.32% | 0.05% |
| 1983 | 1.46% | 0.14% |
| 1982 | 1.48% | 0.49% |
| 1981 | 1.29% | 0.83% |
| 1980 | 1.26% | 0.88% |
| 1979 | 1.34% | 0.93% |
| 1978 | 1.35% | 1.02% |
| 1977 | 1.37% | 1.68% |
| 1976 | 1.56% | 2.46% |
| 1975 | 1.78% | 2.62% |
| 1974 | 2.09% | 1.99% |
| 1973 | 2.31% | 1.37% |
| 1972 | 2.49% | 1.43% |
| 1971 | 2.78% | 1.5% |
| 1970 | 2.8% | 1.57% |
| 1969 | 2.78% | 1.63% |
| 1968 | 2.65% | 1.69% |
| 1967 | 2.6% | 2.05% |
| 1966 | 2.83% | 2.42% |
| 1965 | 2.41% | 2.47% |
| 1964 | 2.35% | 2.57% |
| 1963 | 2.49% | 2.67% |
| 1962 | 0.82% | 2.68% |
| 1961 | -1.01% | 2.67% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/china/samoa | CC BY
In 2025, the population of China declined by 0.17%, while Samoa's population grew by 0.59%.
Live population counters
|
China
|
Samoa
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
1403335670
|
221158
|
| Population rank | 2/197 | 177/197 |
| Percent of world population | 16.9% | 0.003% |
| One net population change |
13.2 seconds
|
6.83 hours
|
| One birth every |
3.31 seconds
|
1.61 hours
|
| One death every |
2.88 seconds
|
6.53 hours
|
| Daily growth/decline | -6,548 | +4 |
| Annual growth/decline | -2,390,000 | +1,287 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | -0.17% | +0.59% |
| Population growth rate rank | 174/197 | 123/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.97 minutes
|
3.12 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -268,126 | -2,815 |
| Net migration rank | 189/196 | 105/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,638,718 | 3,843 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 43/195 | 186/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.1% | 1.8% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 192/195 | 137/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
China
|
Samoa
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -268,126 | - | -2,815 |
| 2024 | -1,394,886 | -318,992 | 4,101 | -2,754 |
| 2023 | -2,087,851 | -567,724 | 4,170 | -2,810 |
| 2022 | -847,305 | -293,846 | 4,288 | -2,837 |
| 2021 | 480,203 | -379,749 | 4,379 | -2,860 |
| 2020 | 2,046,095 | -91,577 | 4,442 | -2,299 |
| 2019 | 4,673,713 | -656,091 | 4,495 | -2,313 |
| 2018 | 5,302,433 | -198,206 | 4,637 | -2,425 |
| 2017 | 7,790,880 | -94,625 | 4,661 | -2,539 |
| 2016 | 9,062,269 | -153,056 | 4,720 | -3,008 |
| 2015 | 6,788,911 | -646,941 | 4,795 | -3,074 |
| 2014 | 9,205,180 | -371,108 | 4,849 | -3,081 |
| 2013 | 8,043,116 | -188,951 | 4,875 | -3,107 |
| 2012 | 10,075,174 | -58,864 | 4,863 | -3,089 |
| 2011 | 8,245,065 | -416,189 | 4,860 | -3,056 |
| 2010 | 6,407,607 | -184,144 | 4,779 | -3,197 |
| 2009 | 6,483,236 | -177,135 | 4,525 | -3,093 |
| 2008 | 6,729,247 | -764,370 | 4,581 | -3,194 |
| 2007 | 6,813,465 | -1,042,019 | 4,480 | -3,152 |
| 2006 | 6,922,185 | -759,559 | 4,473 | -3,714 |
| 2005 | 7,678,911 | -103,701 | 4,503 | -3,805 |
| 2004 | 7,607,960 | -770,977 | 4,554 | -3,796 |
| 2003 | 7,743,284 | -613,223 | 4,622 | -3,748 |
| 2002 | 8,258,580 | -761,291 | 4,672 | -3,624 |
| 2001 | 8,839,358 | -176,419 | 4,759 | -3,198 |
| 2000 | 9,570,849 | -62,622 | 4,855 | -3,453 |
| 1999 | 10,247,372 | -96,102 | 4,937 | -3,517 |
| 1998 | 11,351,286 | -40,472 | 5,022 | -3,702 |
| 1997 | 12,374,554 | -279,251 | 5,053 | -3,658 |
| 1996 | 12,686,872 | -250,750 | 5,038 | -3,476 |
| 1995 | 12,711,220 | -365,986 | 4,976 | -3,532 |
| 1994 | 13,360,470 | -723,641 | 4,880 | -3,505 |
| 1993 | 13,493,138 | -373,316 | 4,769 | -3,373 |
| 1992 | 13,548,601 | -142,985 | 4,652 | -3,161 |
| 1991 | 14,937,124 | -544,650 | 4,655 | -4,227 |
| 1990 | 16,335,313 | -11,187 | 4,759 | -4,533 |
| 1989 | 16,824,495 | -313,476 | 4,845 | -4,527 |
| 1988 | 17,328,640 | -282,194 | 4,889 | -4,366 |
| 1987 | 18,005,821 | -169,170 | 4,909 | -4,056 |
| 1986 | 16,609,920 | -79,190 | 4,983 | -4,637 |
| 1985 | 14,987,830 | -60,929 | 4,998 | -4,920 |
| 1984 | 13,561,671 | -51,961 | 4,979 | -4,944 |
| 1983 | 13,599,789 | -43,756 | 4,914 | -4,789 |
| 1982 | 15,815,318 | -36,181 | 4,808 | -4,479 |
| 1981 | 14,461,027 | -28,016 | 4,720 | -3,440 |
| 1980 | 11,647,260 | -20,129 | 4,672 | -3,240 |
| 1979 | 11,250,148 | -13,704 | 4,624 | -3,177 |
| 1978 | 11,473,980 | -9,916 | 4,587 | -3,022 |
| 1977 | 11,378,068 | -15,323 | 4,555 | -2,866 |
| 1976 | 11,782,472 | -55,109 | 4,519 | -929 |
| 1975 | 14,378,237 | -115,173 | 4,465 | -522 |
| 1974 | 15,738,118 | -175,239 | 4,411 | -526 |
| 1973 | 18,423,727 | -214,997 | 4,446 | -2,501 |
| 1972 | 19,102,585 | -215,650 | 4,487 | -2,483 |
| 1971 | 19,622,980 | -180,153 | 4,534 | -2,463 |
| 1970 | 21,137,076 | -126,510 | 4,567 | -2,429 |
| 1969 | 20,760,332 | -72,836 | 4,592 | -2,399 |
| 1968 | 21,206,083 | -37,290 | 4,605 | -2,370 |
| 1967 | 19,263,662 | 1,246,654 | 4,621 | -2,333 |
| 1966 | 19,282,187 | 4,165 | 4,593 | -1,503 |
| 1965 | 20,296,950 | -130,900 | 4,605 | -1,512 |
| 1964 | 19,302,532 | -1,250,441 | 4,326 | -1,252 |
| 1963 | 22,742,225 | -31,383 | 4,544 | -1,365 |
| 1962 | 17,969,132 | -31,305 | 4,498 | -1,341 |
| 1961 | 2,496,047 | -25,578 | 4,399 | -1,349 |
| 1960 | -3,048,510 | -16,927 | 4,298 | -1,333 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/china/samoa | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 90.3% of the population change in China is from natural causes (a gain of 31,814,462 people) and 9.66% is from migration (a loss of 3,400,807 people). In Samoa 62.4% is from natural causes (a gain of 44,688 people) and 37.6% is from migration (a loss of 26,919 people).
As of 2024, 1,638,718 residents or 0.1% of the population were not native-born in China, compared to 3,843 people or 1.8% in Samoa.
Biggest cities by population
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between China and Samoa
|
China
|
Samoa
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 79 years | 72.1 years |
| Average age | 41 years | 27 years |
| Median age | 41.1 years | 20.9 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.9:49.1 | 50.4:49.6 |
| Fertility rate | 1.01 births per woman | 3.8 births per woman |
| Population density | 387 ppl/mi² | 205.5 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/china/samoa | CC BY
Help us show the world through your eyes
Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.
Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.