The latest officially reported population of Brazil was 211,998,573 in 2024 vs 19,009,151 people in Somalia in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Brazil's population is 213,824,938 people compared to 20,503,678 in Somalia.
Population statistics:
- Brazil's population is 10.4 times bigger than Somalia's.
- Brazil is ranked the 7th most populous country in the world, while Somalia is the 66th.
- The countries together account for 2.83% of the world: 2.58% for Brazil vs 0.25% for Somalia.
- For the last 10 years, Brazil has had an average growth rate of +0.6% per year vs +3.61% in Somalia.
- Since 2006, the population of Brazil has increased from 187M people to 214M (14.6% growth), while Somalia has grown from 11M to 20.5M (86.8% growth).
Brazil vs Somalia: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Brazil
|
Somalia
|
|
| 2100 | 164,294,719 | 68,384,185 |
| 2099 | 165,504,324 | 68,040,371 |
| 2098 | 166,724,540 | 67,702,230 |
| 2097 | 167,957,900 | 67,362,336 |
| 2096 | 169,198,878 | 66,972,933 |
| 2095 | 170,447,187 | 66,585,659 |
| 2094 | 171,702,406 | 66,179,819 |
| 2093 | 172,959,201 | 65,760,590 |
| 2092 | 174,226,209 | 65,324,261 |
| 2091 | 175,495,014 | 64,852,843 |
| 2090 | 176,771,657 | 64,362,727 |
| 2089 | 178,046,664 | 63,922,797 |
| 2088 | 179,329,069 | 63,464,036 |
| 2087 | 180,613,269 | 62,987,028 |
| 2086 | 181,900,405 | 62,447,029 |
| 2085 | 183,185,504 | 61,873,597 |
| 2084 | 184,470,859 | 61,318,916 |
| 2083 | 185,757,734 | 60,761,800 |
| 2082 | 187,047,504 | 60,187,980 |
| 2081 | 188,336,189 | 59,676,722 |
| 2080 | 189,617,504 | 59,100,915 |
| 2079 | 190,892,825 | 58,477,428 |
| 2078 | 192,160,856 | 57,852,528 |
| 2077 | 193,420,209 | 57,211,821 |
| 2076 | 194,668,253 | 56,602,463 |
| 2075 | 195,904,930 | 56,005,600 |
| 2074 | 197,131,520 | 55,330,165 |
| 2073 | 198,346,178 | 54,651,918 |
| 2072 | 199,541,890 | 53,978,548 |
| 2071 | 200,718,990 | 53,284,016 |
| 2070 | 201,872,528 | 52,573,210 |
| 2069 | 203,003,940 | 51,878,214 |
| 2068 | 204,112,753 | 51,197,653 |
| 2067 | 205,191,144 | 50,493,028 |
| 2066 | 206,245,316 | 49,779,172 |
| 2065 | 207,268,823 | 49,024,665 |
| 2064 | 208,258,342 | 48,265,876 |
| 2063 | 209,219,808 | 47,522,361 |
| 2062 | 210,147,571 | 46,785,920 |
| 2061 | 211,035,957 | 46,037,526 |
| 2060 | 211,887,727 | 45,220,507 |
| 2059 | 212,703,223 | 44,397,936 |
| 2058 | 213,475,371 | 43,659,021 |
| 2057 | 214,208,817 | 42,897,422 |
| 2056 | 214,897,416 | 42,121,542 |
| 2055 | 215,547,622 | 41,318,179 |
| 2054 | 216,155,836 | 40,513,141 |
| 2053 | 216,720,807 | 39,744,995 |
| 2052 | 217,240,244 | 38,992,177 |
| 2051 | 217,710,548 | 38,228,872 |
| 2050 | 218,139,994 | 37,471,735 |
| 2049 | 218,529,238 | 36,739,905 |
| 2048 | 218,862,226 | 35,984,999 |
| 2047 | 219,144,767 | 35,218,863 |
| 2046 | 219,374,582 | 34,462,403 |
| 2045 | 219,555,915 | 33,717,596 |
| 2044 | 219,680,790 | 32,977,674 |
| 2043 | 219,751,357 | 32,247,710 |
| 2042 | 219,767,446 | 31,537,272 |
| 2041 | 219,726,082 | 30,794,853 |
| 2040 | 219,627,035 | 30,032,324 |
| 2039 | 219,488,186 | 29,312,883 |
| 2038 | 219,300,758 | 28,583,386 |
| 2037 | 219,070,710 | 27,838,646 |
| 2036 | 218,795,673 | 27,114,453 |
| 2035 | 218,478,532 | 26,385,421 |
| 2034 | 218,116,666 | 25,687,629 |
| 2033 | 217,714,006 | 25,018,509 |
| 2032 | 217,266,965 | 24,338,597 |
| 2031 | 216,776,060 | 23,657,353 |
| 2030 | 216,239,032 | 22,965,742 |
| 2029 | 215,655,337 | 22,299,610 |
| 2028 | 215,029,016 | 21,651,582 |
| 2027 | 214,352,035 | 20,991,860 |
| 2026 | 213,629,498 | 20,322,668 |
| 2025 | 212,848,504 | 19,666,990 |
| 2024 | 211,998,573 | 19,009,151 |
| 2023 | 211,140,729 | 18,358,615 |
| 2022 | 210,306,415 | 17,801,897 |
| 2021 | 209,550,294 | 17,271,431 |
| 2020 | 208,660,842 | 16,651,191 |
| 2019 | 207,455,459 | 16,030,971 |
| 2018 | 206,107,261 | 15,452,487 |
| 2017 | 204,703,445 | 14,916,629 |
| 2016 | 203,218,114 | 14,348,740 |
| 2015 | 201,675,532 | 13,806,963 |
| 2014 | 200,085,127 | 13,339,491 |
| 2013 | 198,478,299 | 12,869,594 |
| 2012 | 196,876,111 | 12,461,160 |
| 2011 | 195,284,734 | 12,348,830 |
| 2010 | 193,701,929 | 12,261,756 |
| 2009 | 192,079,951 | 11,961,201 |
| 2008 | 190,367,302 | 11,663,084 |
| 2007 | 188,552,320 | 11,322,582 |
| 2006 | 186,653,106 | 10,975,502 |
| 2005 | 184,688,101 | 10,644,228 |
| 2004 | 182,675,143 | 10,280,998 |
| 2003 | 180,622,688 | 9,909,157 |
| 2002 | 178,503,484 | 9,550,063 |
| 2001 | 176,301,203 | 9,198,493 |
| 2000 | 174,018,282 | 8,838,713 |
| 1999 | 171,641,543 | 8,492,059 |
| 1998 | 169,159,655 | 8,155,417 |
| 1997 | 166,661,659 | 7,824,525 |
| 1996 | 164,202,549 | 7,554,474 |
| 1995 | 161,735,073 | 7,285,007 |
| 1994 | 159,265,006 | 7,026,797 |
| 1993 | 156,794,577 | 6,681,399 |
| 1992 | 154,275,079 | 6,495,107 |
| 1991 | 151,724,256 | 6,813,760 |
| 1990 | 149,143,223 | 7,082,811 |
| 1989 | 146,502,972 | 7,114,817 |
| 1988 | 143,826,357 | 7,235,360 |
| 1987 | 141,104,944 | 7,228,302 |
| 1986 | 138,336,370 | 6,974,788 |
| 1985 | 135,515,595 | 6,693,289 |
| 1984 | 132,658,864 | 6,428,389 |
| 1983 | 129,790,077 | 6,198,430 |
| 1982 | 126,923,155 | 6,003,840 |
| 1981 | 124,063,109 | 5,982,849 |
| 1980 | 121,207,461 | 5,936,154 |
| 1979 | 118,380,821 | 5,449,117 |
| 1978 | 115,600,942 | 4,814,892 |
| 1977 | 112,875,292 | 4,484,050 |
| 1976 | 110,213,349 | 4,365,812 |
| 1975 | 107,619,565 | 4,257,535 |
| 1974 | 105,089,675 | 4,151,842 |
| 1973 | 102,600,976 | 4,045,592 |
| 1972 | 100,146,797 | 3,939,436 |
| 1971 | 97,739,273 | 3,837,691 |
| 1970 | 95,375,651 | 3,738,448 |
| 1969 | 93,045,777 | 3,641,015 |
| 1968 | 90,741,240 | 3,546,590 |
| 1967 | 88,446,124 | 3,454,537 |
| 1966 | 86,139,359 | 3,365,106 |
| 1965 | 83,817,583 | 3,277,874 |
| 1964 | 81,488,595 | 3,192,796 |
| 1963 | 79,164,235 | 3,110,361 |
| 1962 | 76,865,323 | 3,030,091 |
| 1961 | 74,605,447 | 2,952,054 |
| 1960 | 72,388,126 | 2,876,331 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/brazil/somalia | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Brazil increased by 16,565,008 people (a 8.87% growth), while Somalia gained 3,373,238 people (a 30.7% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Brazil gained 10,606,824 people (a 5.22% growth), while Somalia's population increased by 6,154,938 people (a 42.9% growth).
Brazil was ranked 5th most populous country in 2006 and is 7th in 2026. Somalia was ranked 75th in 2006 and ranked 66th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Brazil's population will grow by 2.02% to 218,139,994 people with a rank change from 7th to 9th. The population of Somalia will increase by 82.8% to 37,471,735 people and rank change from 66th to 57th.
Brazil is projected to reach its peak in 2042 at 220M people compared to the peak of 68.4M people in 2100 for Somalia.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Brazil
|
Somalia
|
|
| 2100 | -0.73% | 0.51% |
| 2099 | -0.73% | 0.5% |
| 2098 | -0.73% | 0.5% |
| 2097 | -0.73% | 0.58% |
| 2096 | -0.73% | 0.58% |
| 2095 | -0.73% | 0.61% |
| 2094 | -0.73% | 0.64% |
| 2093 | -0.73% | 0.67% |
| 2092 | -0.72% | 0.73% |
| 2091 | -0.72% | 0.76% |
| 2090 | -0.72% | 0.69% |
| 2089 | -0.72% | 0.72% |
| 2088 | -0.71% | 0.76% |
| 2087 | -0.71% | 0.86% |
| 2086 | -0.7% | 0.93% |
| 2085 | -0.7% | 0.9% |
| 2084 | -0.69% | 0.92% |
| 2083 | -0.69% | 0.95% |
| 2082 | -0.68% | 0.86% |
| 2081 | -0.68% | 0.97% |
| 2080 | -0.67% | 1.07% |
| 2079 | -0.66% | 1.08% |
| 2078 | -0.65% | 1.12% |
| 2077 | -0.64% | 1.08% |
| 2076 | -0.63% | 1.07% |
| 2075 | -0.62% | 1.22% |
| 2074 | -0.61% | 1.24% |
| 2073 | -0.6% | 1.25% |
| 2072 | -0.59% | 1.3% |
| 2071 | -0.57% | 1.35% |
| 2070 | -0.56% | 1.34% |
| 2069 | -0.54% | 1.33% |
| 2068 | -0.53% | 1.4% |
| 2067 | -0.51% | 1.43% |
| 2066 | -0.49% | 1.54% |
| 2065 | -0.48% | 1.57% |
| 2064 | -0.46% | 1.56% |
| 2063 | -0.44% | 1.57% |
| 2062 | -0.42% | 1.63% |
| 2061 | -0.4% | 1.81% |
| 2060 | -0.38% | 1.85% |
| 2059 | -0.36% | 1.69% |
| 2058 | -0.34% | 1.78% |
| 2057 | -0.32% | 1.84% |
| 2056 | -0.3% | 1.94% |
| 2055 | -0.28% | 1.99% |
| 2054 | -0.26% | 1.93% |
| 2053 | -0.24% | 1.93% |
| 2052 | -0.22% | 2% |
| 2051 | -0.2% | 2.02% |
| 2050 | -0.18% | 1.99% |
| 2049 | -0.15% | 2.1% |
| 2048 | -0.13% | 2.18% |
| 2047 | -0.1% | 2.2% |
| 2046 | -0.08% | 2.21% |
| 2045 | -0.06% | 2.24% |
| 2044 | -0.03% | 2.26% |
| 2043 | -0.007% | 2.25% |
| 2042 | 0.02% | 2.41% |
| 2041 | 0.05% | 2.54% |
| 2040 | 0.06% | 2.45% |
| 2039 | 0.09% | 2.55% |
| 2038 | 0.11% | 2.68% |
| 2037 | 0.13% | 2.67% |
| 2036 | 0.15% | 2.76% |
| 2035 | 0.17% | 2.72% |
| 2034 | 0.18% | 2.67% |
| 2033 | 0.21% | 2.79% |
| 2032 | 0.23% | 2.88% |
| 2031 | 0.25% | 3.01% |
| 2030 | 0.27% | 2.99% |
| 2029 | 0.29% | 2.99% |
| 2028 | 0.32% | 3.14% |
| 2027 | 0.34% | 3.29% |
| 2026 | 0.37% | 3.33% |
| 2025 | 0.4% | 3.46% |
| 2024 | 0.41% | 3.54% |
| 2023 | 0.4% | 3.13% |
| 2022 | 0.36% | 3.07% |
| 2021 | 0.43% | 3.72% |
| 2020 | 0.58% | 3.87% |
| 2019 | 0.65% | 3.74% |
| 2018 | 0.69% | 3.59% |
| 2017 | 0.73% | 3.96% |
| 2016 | 0.76% | 3.92% |
| 2015 | 0.79% | 3.5% |
| 2014 | 0.81% | 3.65% |
| 2013 | 0.81% | 3.28% |
| 2012 | 0.81% | 0.91% |
| 2011 | 0.82% | 0.71% |
| 2010 | 0.84% | 2.51% |
| 2009 | 0.9% | 2.56% |
| 2008 | 0.96% | 3.01% |
| 2007 | 1.02% | 3.16% |
| 2006 | 1.06% | 3.11% |
| 2005 | 1.1% | 3.53% |
| 2004 | 1.14% | 3.75% |
| 2003 | 1.19% | 3.76% |
| 2002 | 1.25% | 3.82% |
| 2001 | 1.31% | 4.07% |
| 2000 | 1.38% | 4.08% |
| 1999 | 1.47% | 4.13% |
| 1998 | 1.5% | 4.23% |
| 1997 | 1.5% | 3.57% |
| 1996 | 1.53% | 3.7% |
| 1995 | 1.55% | 3.67% |
| 1994 | 1.58% | 5.17% |
| 1993 | 1.63% | 2.87% |
| 1992 | 1.68% | -4.68% |
| 1991 | 1.73% | -3.8% |
| 1990 | 1.8% | -0.45% |
| 1989 | 1.86% | -1.67% |
| 1988 | 1.93% | 0.1% |
| 1987 | 2% | 3.63% |
| 1986 | 2.08% | 4.21% |
| 1985 | 2.15% | 4.12% |
| 1984 | 2.21% | 3.71% |
| 1983 | 2.26% | 3.24% |
| 1982 | 2.31% | 0.35% |
| 1981 | 2.36% | 0.79% |
| 1980 | 2.39% | 8.94% |
| 1979 | 2.4% | 13.2% |
| 1978 | 2.41% | 7.38% |
| 1977 | 2.42% | 2.71% |
| 1976 | 2.41% | 2.54% |
| 1975 | 2.41% | 2.55% |
| 1974 | 2.43% | 2.63% |
| 1973 | 2.45% | 2.69% |
| 1972 | 2.46% | 2.65% |
| 1971 | 2.48% | 2.65% |
| 1970 | 2.5% | 2.68% |
| 1969 | 2.54% | 2.66% |
| 1968 | 2.59% | 2.66% |
| 1967 | 2.68% | 2.66% |
| 1966 | 2.77% | 2.66% |
| 1965 | 2.86% | 2.66% |
| 1964 | 2.94% | 2.65% |
| 1963 | 2.99% | 2.65% |
| 1962 | 3.03% | 2.64% |
| 1961 | 3.06% | 2.63% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/brazil/somalia | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Brazil grew by 0.41%, while Somalia's population grew by 3.54%.
Live population counters
|
Brazil
|
Somalia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
213824938
|
20503678
|
| Population rank | 7/197 | 66/197 |
| Percent of world population | 2.58% | 0.25% |
| One net population change |
36.8 seconds
|
48.5 seconds
|
| One birth every |
12.1 seconds
|
40 seconds
|
| One death every |
21.1 seconds
|
2.91 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +2,350 | +1,782 |
| Annual growth/decline | +857,844 | +650,536 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.41% | +3.54% |
| Population growth rate rank | 141/197 | 8/197 |
| One migration net change every |
2.43 minutes
|
43.6 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -217,283 | +12,077 |
| Net migration rank | 186/196 | 40/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,406,299 | 77,972 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 48/195 | 140/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.7% | 0.4% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 163/195 | 180/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Brazil
|
Somalia
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -217,283 | - | 12,077 |
| 2024 | - | -225,510 | - | 26,859 |
| 2023 | 1,107,434 | -240,059 | 608,203 | 46,217 |
| 2022 | 1,054,897 | -253,639 | 551,450 | -92,434 |
| 2021 | 919,507 | -208,581 | 566,399 | 35,506 |
| 2020 | 1,146,174 | -78,437 | 561,311 | 77,259 |
| 2019 | 1,472,104 | -129,216 | 548,756 | 53,124 |
| 2018 | 1,583,935 | -230,334 | 514,244 | 40,844 |
| 2017 | 1,610,402 | -156,296 | 478,556 | 38,067 |
| 2016 | 1,609,488 | -92,989 | 495,132 | 124,017 |
| 2015 | 1,742,275 | -173,611 | 481,573 | -17,178 |
| 2014 | 1,757,948 | -145,732 | 464,481 | 6,065 |
| 2013 | 1,758,716 | -157,228 | 448,518 | 20,723 |
| 2012 | 1,782,516 | -179,707 | 399,468 | -51,833 |
| 2011 | 1,815,758 | -235,860 | 203,213 | -326,192 |
| 2010 | 1,847,336 | -261,539 | 385,571 | -88,448 |
| 2009 | 1,878,542 | -220,207 | 405,784 | -101,795 |
| 2008 | 1,908,051 | -141,056 | 394,258 | -102,035 |
| 2007 | 1,970,372 | -107,481 | 380,303 | 8,476 |
| 2006 | 2,026,119 | -90,634 | 372,597 | -67,200 |
| 2005 | 2,083,281 | -88,868 | 363,117 | -5,955 |
| 2004 | 2,108,072 | -76,661 | 351,959 | 17,353 |
| 2003 | 2,128,819 | -55,350 | 341,192 | 33,174 |
| 2002 | 2,207,017 | -42,008 | 331,215 | 12,603 |
| 2001 | 2,291,210 | -51,600 | 319,059 | 40,274 |
| 2000 | 2,372,043 | -45,800 | 306,651 | 53,580 |
| 1999 | 2,450,869 | -23,497 | 295,523 | 37,548 |
| 1998 | 2,514,728 | 21,666 | 284,779 | 55,426 |
| 1997 | 2,531,758 | -72,392 | 271,894 | 49,692 |
| 1996 | 2,530,690 | -71,943 | 264,807 | -46,291 |
| 1995 | 2,546,195 | -69,963 | 254,509 | 65,888 |
| 1994 | 2,532,951 | -68,961 | 246,950 | -50,921 |
| 1993 | 2,545,874 | -69,070 | 232,960 | 261,815 |
| 1992 | 2,547,698 | 14,394 | 57,495 | -179,675 |
| 1991 | 2,606,167 | -66,600 | 53,052 | -568,166 |
| 1990 | 2,652,959 | -30,555 | 225,162 | -248,155 |
| 1989 | 2,717,923 | -60,023 | 225,255 | -266,281 |
| 1988 | 2,768,082 | -72,825 | 215,599 | -415,660 |
| 1987 | 2,825,485 | -77,800 | 231,580 | -17,391 |
| 1986 | 2,880,440 | -90,973 | 218,416 | 74,424 |
| 1985 | 2,912,908 | -60,879 | 207,960 | 62,183 |
| 1984 | 2,931,496 | -70,035 | 199,017 | 60,630 |
| 1983 | 2,952,335 | -76,322 | 190,775 | 9,505 |
| 1982 | 2,948,552 | -90,766 | 182,793 | 6,115 |
| 1981 | 2,928,262 | -65,971 | 185,211 | -332,129 |
| 1980 | 2,887,768 | -38,918 | 174,790 | 65,519 |
| 1979 | 2,836,759 | -32,503 | 151,016 | 582,746 |
| 1978 | 2,778,815 | -23,416 | 132,689 | 402,005 |
| 1977 | 2,715,328 | -19,478 | 124,818 | 2,170 |
| 1976 | 2,648,647 | -20,612 | 113,319 | -3,831 |
| 1975 | 2,585,130 | -25,499 | 108,998 | -1,934 |
| 1974 | 2,524,254 | -24,093 | 104,813 | -495 |
| 1973 | 2,501,309 | -24,071 | 108,038 | 143 |
| 1972 | 2,454,698 | -23,584 | 104,493 | -351 |
| 1971 | 2,407,319 | -23,421 | 101,196 | -1,850 |
| 1970 | 2,362,073 | -18,779 | 98,025 | 1,104 |
| 1969 | 2,324,190 | -7,763 | 95,045 | 690 |
| 1968 | 2,301,561 | -8,856 | 92,208 | 906 |
| 1967 | 2,307,560 | -10,033 | 89,497 | 1,498 |
| 1966 | 2,325,332 | -9,317 | 86,930 | 941 |
| 1965 | 2,336,415 | -8,824 | 84,448 | 2,142 |
| 1964 | 2,338,478 | -8,146 | 82,042 | 1,518 |
| 1963 | 2,326,400 | -8,136 | 79,859 | 1,449 |
| 1962 | 2,286,666 | -7,171 | 77,737 | 1,496 |
| 1961 | 2,240,178 | 75 | 75,513 | 1,336 |
| 1960 | 2,190,392 | 4,066 | 73,850 | 750 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/brazil/somalia | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 89.1% of the population change in Brazil is from natural causes (a gain of 14,004,164 people) and 10.9% is from migration (a loss of 1,708,894 people). In Somalia 94.4% is from natural causes (a gain of 5,270,105 people) and 5.58% is from migration (a gain of 311,487 people).
As of 2024, 1,406,299 residents or 0.7% of the population were not native-born in Brazil, compared to 77,972 people or 0.4% in Somalia.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between Brazil and Somalia
|
Brazil
|
Somalia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 76.4 years | 59.3 years |
| Average age | 36.3 years | 21.2 years |
| Median age | 35.4 years | 16.6 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.2:50.8 | 50.1:49.9 |
| Fertility rate | 1.62 births per woman | 6.13 births per woman |
| Population density | 66.2 ppl/mi² | 83.9 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/brazil/somalia | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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