The latest officially reported population of the Marshall Islands was 36,282 in 2025 vs 255,219,554 people in Pakistan in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Marshall Islands' population is 35,039 people compared to 261,421,997 in Pakistan.
Population statistics:
- Pakistan's population is 7,461 times bigger than the Marshall Islands'.
- The Marshall Islands is ranked the 192nd most populous country in the world, while Pakistan is the 5th.
- The countries together account for 3.15% of the world: 0.0004% for the Marshall Islands vs 3.15% for Pakistan.
- For the last 10 years, the Marshall Islands has had an average growth rate of -2.84% per year vs +1.6% in Pakistan.
- Since 2006, the population of the Marshall Islands has decreased from 52K people to 35K (32.6% decline), while Pakistan has grown from 180M to 261M (45.5% growth).
Marshall Islands vs Pakistan: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Marshall Islands
|
Pakistan
|
|
| 2100 | 23,445 | 514,639,086 |
| 2099 | 23,524 | 513,762,873 |
| 2098 | 23,613 | 512,834,641 |
| 2097 | 23,708 | 511,842,588 |
| 2096 | 23,784 | 510,743,323 |
| 2095 | 23,867 | 509,544,194 |
| 2094 | 23,935 | 508,236,117 |
| 2093 | 24,009 | 506,871,405 |
| 2092 | 24,079 | 505,433,117 |
| 2091 | 24,137 | 503,929,591 |
| 2090 | 24,185 | 502,369,089 |
| 2089 | 24,240 | 500,764,988 |
| 2088 | 24,272 | 499,040,109 |
| 2087 | 24,301 | 497,294,229 |
| 2086 | 24,316 | 495,416,407 |
| 2085 | 24,335 | 493,469,269 |
| 2084 | 24,342 | 491,457,322 |
| 2083 | 24,331 | 489,327,293 |
| 2082 | 24,315 | 487,086,584 |
| 2081 | 24,304 | 484,774,651 |
| 2080 | 24,278 | 482,358,125 |
| 2079 | 24,256 | 479,913,540 |
| 2078 | 24,214 | 477,377,443 |
| 2077 | 24,172 | 474,692,907 |
| 2076 | 24,138 | 471,877,807 |
| 2075 | 24,083 | 468,953,317 |
| 2074 | 24,049 | 465,972,364 |
| 2073 | 24,000 | 462,907,667 |
| 2072 | 23,969 | 459,752,452 |
| 2071 | 23,931 | 456,518,761 |
| 2070 | 23,889 | 453,190,545 |
| 2069 | 23,857 | 449,749,441 |
| 2068 | 23,815 | 446,219,879 |
| 2067 | 23,795 | 442,632,987 |
| 2066 | 23,763 | 438,970,919 |
| 2065 | 23,762 | 435,260,675 |
| 2064 | 23,766 | 431,484,424 |
| 2063 | 23,778 | 427,665,121 |
| 2062 | 23,818 | 423,724,764 |
| 2061 | 23,869 | 419,759,602 |
| 2060 | 23,917 | 415,724,868 |
| 2059 | 23,981 | 411,662,239 |
| 2058 | 24,028 | 407,514,159 |
| 2057 | 24,106 | 403,318,028 |
| 2056 | 24,194 | 399,031,614 |
| 2055 | 24,305 | 394,728,055 |
| 2054 | 24,411 | 390,385,410 |
| 2053 | 24,502 | 386,003,289 |
| 2052 | 24,602 | 381,568,312 |
| 2051 | 24,714 | 377,096,921 |
| 2050 | 24,811 | 372,554,619 |
| 2049 | 24,935 | 367,986,189 |
| 2048 | 25,047 | 363,386,382 |
| 2047 | 25,155 | 358,734,325 |
| 2046 | 25,267 | 354,003,639 |
| 2045 | 25,394 | 349,228,953 |
| 2044 | 25,531 | 344,443,561 |
| 2043 | 25,687 | 339,631,894 |
| 2042 | 25,846 | 334,801,403 |
| 2041 | 26,033 | 329,944,530 |
| 2040 | 26,249 | 325,107,264 |
| 2039 | 26,493 | 320,203,920 |
| 2038 | 26,759 | 315,273,196 |
| 2037 | 27,090 | 310,377,446 |
| 2036 | 27,446 | 305,472,156 |
| 2035 | 27,874 | 300,604,245 |
| 2034 | 28,364 | 295,748,602 |
| 2033 | 28,919 | 290,911,874 |
| 2032 | 29,543 | 286,130,352 |
| 2031 | 30,251 | 281,410,647 |
| 2030 | 31,054 | 276,766,735 |
| 2029 | 31,943 | 272,246,760 |
| 2028 | 32,879 | 267,784,548 |
| 2027 | 33,909 | 263,445,027 |
| 2026 | 35,039 | 259,285,315 |
| 2025 | 36,282 | 255,219,554 |
| 2024 | 37,548 | 251,269,164 |
| 2023 | 38,827 | 247,504,495 |
| 2022 | 40,077 | 243,700,667 |
| 2021 | 41,367 | 239,477,801 |
| 2020 | 42,706 | 235,001,746 |
| 2019 | 44,007 | 230,800,899 |
| 2018 | 45,285 | 226,928,892 |
| 2017 | 46,529 | 223,273,967 |
| 2016 | 47,709 | 220,138,869 |
| 2015 | 48,800 | 217,290,883 |
| 2014 | 49,796 | 214,264,647 |
| 2013 | 50,681 | 211,073,978 |
| 2012 | 51,419 | 207,667,125 |
| 2011 | 51,907 | 203,746,065 |
| 2010 | 52,044 | 199,239,047 |
| 2009 | 52,019 | 194,376,534 |
| 2008 | 52,030 | 189,499,113 |
| 2007 | 52,035 | 184,493,231 |
| 2006 | 51,992 | 179,682,690 |
| 2005 | 51,906 | 175,453,212 |
| 2004 | 51,791 | 171,286,000 |
| 2003 | 51,639 | 167,110,248 |
| 2002 | 51,425 | 163,222,549 |
| 2001 | 51,123 | 159,270,907 |
| 2000 | 50,706 | 154,879,127 |
| 1999 | 50,202 | 150,565,377 |
| 1998 | 49,717 | 146,522,356 |
| 1997 | 49,259 | 142,531,804 |
| 1996 | 48,775 | 138,557,092 |
| 1995 | 48,266 | 134,582,253 |
| 1994 | 47,712 | 130,748,083 |
| 1993 | 47,093 | 127,020,117 |
| 1992 | 46,388 | 123,546,848 |
| 1991 | 45,568 | 120,060,406 |
| 1990 | 44,629 | 116,155,576 |
| 1989 | 43,586 | 112,336,629 |
| 1988 | 42,321 | 108,724,739 |
| 1987 | 40,828 | 105,130,717 |
| 1986 | 39,286 | 101,606,764 |
| 1985 | 37,761 | 98,229,285 |
| 1984 | 36,264 | 95,164,936 |
| 1983 | 34,811 | 92,227,711 |
| 1982 | 33,397 | 89,089,246 |
| 1981 | 32,017 | 85,802,049 |
| 1980 | 30,774 | 82,291,010 |
| 1979 | 29,738 | 78,997,039 |
| 1978 | 28,809 | 76,307,379 |
| 1977 | 27,906 | 73,901,827 |
| 1976 | 27,021 | 71,620,254 |
| 1975 | 26,154 | 69,461,175 |
| 1974 | 25,296 | 67,415,487 |
| 1973 | 24,581 | 65,461,912 |
| 1972 | 23,992 | 63,583,194 |
| 1971 | 23,366 | 61,847,899 |
| 1970 | 22,530 | 60,166,719 |
| 1969 | 21,305 | 58,460,939 |
| 1968 | 19,862 | 56,810,507 |
| 1967 | 18,655 | 55,214,768 |
| 1966 | 17,927 | 53,678,667 |
| 1965 | 17,402 | 52,209,010 |
| 1964 | 16,852 | 50,799,999 |
| 1963 | 16,302 | 49,447,776 |
| 1962 | 15,755 | 48,156,128 |
| 1961 | 15,219 | 46,921,277 |
| 1960 | 14,703 | 45,709,310 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/marshall-islands/pakistan | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of the Marshall Islands decreased by 4,283 people (a 8.24% decline), while Pakistan gained 40,456,179 people (a 22.5% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, the Marshall Islands lost 12,670 people (a 26.6% decline), while Pakistan's population increased by 41,283,128 people (a 18.8% growth).
The Marshall Islands was ranked 188th most populous country in 2006 and is 192nd in 2026. Pakistan was ranked 6th in 2006 and ranked 5th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) the Marshall Islands' population will shrink by 29.2% to 24,811 people with a rank change from 192nd to 193rd. The population of Pakistan will increase by 42.5% to 372,554,619 people and rank change from 5th to 4th.
Pakistan is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 515M people, while the Marshall Islands' population already peaked in 2010 at 52K people and is projected to decrease to 23.4K people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Marshall Islands
|
Pakistan
|
|
| 2100 | -0.33% | 0.17% |
| 2099 | -0.38% | 0.18% |
| 2098 | -0.4% | 0.19% |
| 2097 | -0.32% | 0.22% |
| 2096 | -0.35% | 0.24% |
| 2095 | -0.28% | 0.26% |
| 2094 | -0.31% | 0.27% |
| 2093 | -0.29% | 0.28% |
| 2092 | -0.24% | 0.3% |
| 2091 | -0.2% | 0.31% |
| 2090 | -0.23% | 0.32% |
| 2089 | -0.13% | 0.35% |
| 2088 | -0.12% | 0.35% |
| 2087 | -0.06% | 0.38% |
| 2086 | -0.08% | 0.39% |
| 2085 | -0.03% | 0.41% |
| 2084 | 0.05% | 0.44% |
| 2083 | 0.06% | 0.46% |
| 2082 | 0.04% | 0.48% |
| 2081 | 0.11% | 0.5% |
| 2080 | 0.09% | 0.51% |
| 2079 | 0.17% | 0.53% |
| 2078 | 0.17% | 0.57% |
| 2077 | 0.14% | 0.6% |
| 2076 | 0.23% | 0.62% |
| 2075 | 0.14% | 0.64% |
| 2074 | 0.2% | 0.66% |
| 2073 | 0.13% | 0.69% |
| 2072 | 0.16% | 0.71% |
| 2071 | 0.17% | 0.73% |
| 2070 | 0.14% | 0.77% |
| 2069 | 0.18% | 0.79% |
| 2068 | 0.08% | 0.81% |
| 2067 | 0.14% | 0.83% |
| 2066 | 0.004% | 0.85% |
| 2065 | -0.02% | 0.88% |
| 2064 | -0.05% | 0.89% |
| 2063 | -0.17% | 0.93% |
| 2062 | -0.21% | 0.94% |
| 2061 | -0.2% | 0.97% |
| 2060 | -0.27% | 0.99% |
| 2059 | -0.2% | 1.02% |
| 2058 | -0.32% | 1.04% |
| 2057 | -0.37% | 1.07% |
| 2056 | -0.46% | 1.09% |
| 2055 | -0.43% | 1.11% |
| 2054 | -0.37% | 1.14% |
| 2053 | -0.41% | 1.16% |
| 2052 | -0.45% | 1.19% |
| 2051 | -0.39% | 1.22% |
| 2050 | -0.5% | 1.24% |
| 2049 | -0.45% | 1.27% |
| 2048 | -0.43% | 1.3% |
| 2047 | -0.44% | 1.34% |
| 2046 | -0.5% | 1.37% |
| 2045 | -0.54% | 1.39% |
| 2044 | -0.61% | 1.42% |
| 2043 | -0.62% | 1.44% |
| 2042 | -0.72% | 1.47% |
| 2041 | -0.82% | 1.49% |
| 2040 | -0.92% | 1.53% |
| 2039 | -1% | 1.56% |
| 2038 | -1.22% | 1.58% |
| 2037 | -1.3% | 1.61% |
| 2036 | -1.53% | 1.62% |
| 2035 | -1.73% | 1.64% |
| 2034 | -1.92% | 1.66% |
| 2033 | -2.11% | 1.67% |
| 2032 | -2.34% | 1.68% |
| 2031 | -2.59% | 1.68% |
| 2030 | -2.78% | 1.66% |
| 2029 | -2.85% | 1.67% |
| 2028 | -3.04% | 1.65% |
| 2027 | -3.23% | 1.6% |
| 2026 | -3.42% | 1.59% |
| 2025 | -3.37% | 1.57% |
| 2024 | -3.29% | 1.52% |
| 2023 | -3.12% | 1.56% |
| 2022 | -3.12% | 1.76% |
| 2021 | -3.14% | 1.9% |
| 2020 | -2.96% | 1.82% |
| 2019 | -2.82% | 1.71% |
| 2018 | -2.67% | 1.64% |
| 2017 | -2.47% | 1.42% |
| 2016 | -2.24% | 1.31% |
| 2015 | -2% | 1.41% |
| 2014 | -1.75% | 1.51% |
| 2013 | -1.44% | 1.64% |
| 2012 | -0.94% | 1.92% |
| 2011 | -0.26% | 2.26% |
| 2010 | 0.05% | 2.5% |
| 2009 | -0.02% | 2.57% |
| 2008 | -0.01% | 2.71% |
| 2007 | 0.08% | 2.68% |
| 2006 | 0.17% | 2.41% |
| 2005 | 0.22% | 2.43% |
| 2004 | 0.29% | 2.5% |
| 2003 | 0.42% | 2.38% |
| 2002 | 0.59% | 2.48% |
| 2001 | 0.82% | 2.84% |
| 2000 | 1% | 2.87% |
| 1999 | 0.98% | 2.76% |
| 1998 | 0.93% | 2.8% |
| 1997 | 0.99% | 2.87% |
| 1996 | 1.05% | 2.95% |
| 1995 | 1.16% | 2.93% |
| 1994 | 1.31% | 2.93% |
| 1993 | 1.52% | 2.81% |
| 1992 | 1.8% | 2.9% |
| 1991 | 2.1% | 3.36% |
| 1990 | 2.39% | 3.4% |
| 1989 | 2.99% | 3.32% |
| 1988 | 3.66% | 3.42% |
| 1987 | 3.93% | 3.47% |
| 1986 | 4.04% | 3.44% |
| 1985 | 4.13% | 3.22% |
| 1984 | 4.17% | 3.18% |
| 1983 | 4.23% | 3.52% |
| 1982 | 4.31% | 3.83% |
| 1981 | 4.04% | 4.27% |
| 1980 | 3.48% | 4.17% |
| 1979 | 3.22% | 3.52% |
| 1978 | 3.24% | 3.26% |
| 1977 | 3.28% | 3.19% |
| 1976 | 3.31% | 3.11% |
| 1975 | 3.39% | 3.03% |
| 1974 | 2.91% | 2.98% |
| 1973 | 2.45% | 2.95% |
| 1972 | 2.68% | 2.81% |
| 1971 | 3.71% | 2.79% |
| 1970 | 5.75% | 2.92% |
| 1969 | 7.27% | 2.91% |
| 1968 | 6.47% | 2.89% |
| 1967 | 4.06% | 2.86% |
| 1966 | 3.02% | 2.81% |
| 1965 | 3.26% | 2.77% |
| 1964 | 3.37% | 2.73% |
| 1963 | 3.47% | 2.68% |
| 1962 | 3.52% | 2.63% |
| 1961 | 3.51% | 2.65% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/marshall-islands/pakistan | CC BY
In 2025, the population of the Marshall Islands declined by 3.37%, while Pakistan's population grew by 1.57%.
Live population counters
|
Marshall Islands
|
Pakistan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
35039
|
261421997
|
| Population rank | 192/197 | 5/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.0004% | 3.15% |
| One net population change |
6.94 hours
|
8.01 seconds
|
| One birth every |
11.6 hours
|
4.58 seconds
|
| One death every |
1.37 days
|
19.5 seconds
|
| Daily growth/decline | -3 | +10,823 |
| Annual growth/decline | -1,266 | +3,950,390 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | -3.37% | +1.57% |
| Population growth rate rank | 197/197 | 66/197 |
| One migration net change every |
5.17 hours
|
25.6 seconds
|
| Annual migration change | -1,698 | -1,235,336 |
| Net migration rank | 97/196 | 196/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 3,309 | 4,175,958 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 189/195 | 16/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 8.8% | 1.7% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 71/195 | 141/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Marshall Islands
|
Pakistan
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -1,698 | - | -1,235,336 |
| 2024 | 487 | -1,765 | 5,268,361 | -1,401,173 |
| 2023 | 550 | -1,832 | 5,281,745 | -1,619,557 |
| 2022 | 606 | -1,829 | 5,268,077 | -1,322,625 |
| 2021 | 653 | -2,016 | 5,065,913 | -565,673 |
| 2020 | 689 | -2,004 | 5,011,177 | -559,291 |
| 2019 | 746 | -2,030 | 5,127,011 | -1,177,220 |
| 2018 | 785 | -2,058 | 5,103,858 | -1,309,611 |
| 2017 | 826 | -2,040 | 5,090,200 | -1,574,585 |
| 2016 | 866 | -2,003 | 5,044,922 | -2,290,411 |
| 2015 | 912 | -1,964 | 5,113,507 | -2,172,162 |
| 2014 | 959 | -1,906 | 5,148,994 | -2,037,920 |
| 2013 | 1,014 | -1,825 | 5,176,590 | -1,906,319 |
| 2012 | 1,097 | -1,759 | 5,191,263 | -1,647,989 |
| 2011 | 1,185 | -1,512 | 5,189,412 | -890,633 |
| 2010 | 1,273 | -1,221 | 5,147,142 | -431,902 |
| 2009 | 1,365 | -1,361 | 5,028,132 | -18,298 |
| 2008 | 1,443 | -1,467 | 4,885,855 | -140,746 |
| 2007 | 1,507 | -1,491 | 4,690,187 | 576,349 |
| 2006 | 1,556 | -1,491 | 4,538,426 | -183,933 |
| 2005 | 1,586 | -1,482 | 4,294,393 | -189,899 |
| 2004 | 1,595 | -1,466 | 4,294,654 | -64,669 |
| 2003 | 1,600 | -1,427 | 4,340,688 | -219,118 |
| 2002 | 1,594 | -1,345 | 4,307,607 | -653,758 |
| 2001 | 1,596 | -1,237 | 4,304,297 | -54,727 |
| 2000 | 1,592 | -1,110 | 4,281,169 | 252,869 |
| 1999 | 1,590 | -1,068 | 4,228,026 | -134,510 |
| 1998 | 1,576 | -1,124 | 4,104,824 | -112,191 |
| 1997 | 1,564 | -1,097 | 4,043,912 | -55,539 |
| 1996 | 1,542 | -1,050 | 4,021,758 | -60,855 |
| 1995 | 1,522 | -991 | 3,977,175 | 11,534 |
| 1994 | 1,524 | -942 | 3,956,699 | -277,100 |
| 1993 | 1,524 | -869 | 3,915,776 | -139,493 |
| 1992 | 1,525 | -769 | 3,888,637 | -718,387 |
| 1991 | 1,540 | -661 | 3,822,363 | -19,668 |
| 1990 | 1,556 | -562 | 3,731,730 | 275,242 |
| 1989 | 1,574 | -479 | 3,648,132 | -17,164 |
| 1988 | 1,575 | -140 | 3,554,755 | 38,139 |
| 1987 | 1,566 | -16 | 3,448,813 | 146,364 |
| 1986 | 1,544 | -8 | 3,341,643 | 111,045 |
| 1985 | 1,511 | -1 | 3,233,315 | 68,860 |
| 1984 | 1,470 | 6 | 3,145,772 | -319,242 |
| 1983 | 1,422 | 12 | 3,052,738 | -4,753 |
| 1982 | 1,375 | 23 | 2,934,689 | 294,252 |
| 1981 | 1,328 | 31 | 2,790,454 | 555,032 |
| 1980 | 1,287 | -155 | 2,598,421 | 1,078,229 |
| 1979 | 1,250 | -316 | 2,461,311 | 450,003 |
| 1978 | 1,207 | -286 | 2,356,601 | 111,386 |
| 1977 | 1,160 | -264 | 2,257,849 | 85,250 |
| 1976 | 1,109 | -233 | 2,171,812 | 48,238 |
| 1975 | 1,055 | -193 | 2,099,811 | -1,710 |
| 1974 | 1,000 | -145 | 2,028,061 | -34,785 |
| 1973 | 954 | -383 | 1,971,909 | -58,012 |
| 1972 | 913 | -306 | 1,912,774 | -69,209 |
| 1971 | 877 | -232 | 1,695,374 | -68,357 |
| 1970 | 819 | 201 | 1,793,570 | -58,281 |
| 1969 | 747 | 690 | 1,733,601 | -57,406 |
| 1968 | 685 | 769 | 1,683,296 | -58,721 |
| 1967 | 636 | 308 | 1,626,737 | -59,932 |
| 1966 | 603 | -89 | 1,566,343 | -61,025 |
| 1965 | 566 | -22 | 1,496,050 | -62,070 |
| 1964 | 536 | 16 | 1,447,394 | -63,298 |
| 1963 | 509 | 42 | 1,384,934 | -64,552 |
| 1962 | 488 | 54 | 1,328,675 | -65,780 |
| 1961 | 469 | 56 | 1,273,772 | -66,991 |
| 1960 | 452 | 63 | 1,217,147 | 0 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/marshall-islands/pakistan | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 26.7% of the population change in the Marshall Islands is from natural causes (a gain of 7,120 people) and 73.3% is from migration (a loss of 19,541 people). In Pakistan 78.6% is from natural causes (a gain of 51,374,771 people) and 21.4% is from migration (a loss of 13,992,308 people).
As of 2024, 3,309 residents or 8.8% of the population were not native-born in the Marshall Islands, compared to 4,175,958 people or 1.7% in Pakistan.
Biggest cities by population
|
Marshall Islands
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Majuro | 30K |
| Djarrit | 7.1K |
|
Pakistan
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Karachi | 14.9M |
| Lahore | 11.1M |
| Faisalabad | 3.2M |
| Rawalpindi | 2.1M |
| Gujranwala | 2.03M |
| Peshawar | 1.97M |
| Multan | 1.87M |
| Hyderabad | 1.73M |
| Islamabad | 1.01M |
| Quetta | 1M |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between the Marshall Islands and Pakistan
|
Marshall Islands
|
Pakistan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 67.3 years | 68.1 years |
| Average age | 27.8 years | 25.8 years |
| Median age | 21.8 years | 21.6 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 51.2:48.8 | 50.7:49.3 |
| Fertility rate | 2.86 births per woman | 3.55 births per woman |
| Population density | 504 ppl/mi² | 871 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/marshall-islands/pakistan | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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