The latest officially reported population of Mali was 24,478,595 in 2024 vs 251,269,164 people in Pakistan in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Mali's population is 26,143,152 people compared to 260,356,147 in Pakistan.
Population statistics:
- Pakistan's population is 9.96 times bigger than Mali's.
- Mali is ranked the 58th most populous country in the world, while Pakistan is the 5th.
- The countries together account for 3.46% of the world: 0.32% for Mali vs 3.14% for Pakistan.
- For the last 10 years, Mali has had an average growth rate of +3.12% per year vs +1.6% in Pakistan.
- Since 2006, the population of Mali has increased from 14M people to 26.1M (86.9% growth), while Pakistan has grown from 180M to 260M (44.9% growth).
Mali vs Pakistan: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Mali
|
Pakistan
|
|
| 2100 | 80,371,693 | 514,531,704 |
| 2099 | 80,051,982 | 513,655,674 |
| 2098 | 79,712,985 | 512,727,636 |
| 2097 | 79,363,373 | 511,735,790 |
| 2096 | 78,996,636 | 510,636,755 |
| 2095 | 78,611,169 | 509,437,875 |
| 2094 | 78,201,275 | 508,130,071 |
| 2093 | 77,780,277 | 506,765,644 |
| 2092 | 77,346,576 | 505,327,656 |
| 2091 | 76,892,849 | 503,824,444 |
| 2090 | 76,418,075 | 502,264,268 |
| 2089 | 75,924,551 | 500,660,501 |
| 2088 | 75,413,374 | 498,935,983 |
| 2087 | 74,882,872 | 497,190,466 |
| 2086 | 74,339,859 | 495,313,036 |
| 2085 | 73,778,163 | 493,366,305 |
| 2084 | 73,197,940 | 491,354,778 |
| 2083 | 72,596,727 | 489,225,193 |
| 2082 | 71,983,705 | 486,984,952 |
| 2081 | 71,348,537 | 484,673,501 |
| 2080 | 70,707,220 | 482,257,479 |
| 2079 | 70,044,626 | 479,813,404 |
| 2078 | 69,367,218 | 477,277,836 |
| 2077 | 68,675,750 | 474,593,860 |
| 2076 | 67,972,574 | 471,779,348 |
| 2075 | 67,256,565 | 468,855,468 |
| 2074 | 66,523,454 | 465,875,137 |
| 2073 | 65,776,035 | 462,811,079 |
| 2072 | 65,016,928 | 459,656,523 |
| 2071 | 64,239,726 | 456,423,506 |
| 2070 | 63,457,636 | 453,095,985 |
| 2069 | 62,664,074 | 449,655,599 |
| 2068 | 61,857,029 | 446,126,774 |
| 2067 | 61,042,577 | 442,540,629 |
| 2066 | 60,222,511 | 438,879,326 |
| 2065 | 59,400,594 | 435,169,856 |
| 2064 | 58,567,263 | 431,394,393 |
| 2063 | 57,727,308 | 427,575,887 |
| 2062 | 56,880,111 | 423,636,352 |
| 2061 | 56,026,848 | 419,672,017 |
| 2060 | 55,166,339 | 415,638,125 |
| 2059 | 54,304,533 | 411,576,344 |
| 2058 | 53,437,711 | 407,429,129 |
| 2057 | 52,565,517 | 403,233,874 |
| 2056 | 51,691,907 | 398,948,355 |
| 2055 | 50,813,138 | 394,645,693 |
| 2054 | 49,936,085 | 390,303,954 |
| 2053 | 49,053,898 | 385,922,748 |
| 2052 | 48,167,179 | 381,488,696 |
| 2051 | 47,280,403 | 377,018,239 |
| 2050 | 46,390,999 | 372,476,884 |
| 2049 | 45,505,968 | 367,909,407 |
| 2048 | 44,617,075 | 363,310,560 |
| 2047 | 43,730,396 | 358,659,474 |
| 2046 | 42,840,806 | 353,929,775 |
| 2045 | 41,951,176 | 349,156,085 |
| 2044 | 41,061,960 | 344,371,692 |
| 2043 | 40,172,937 | 339,561,029 |
| 2042 | 39,286,024 | 334,731,546 |
| 2041 | 38,406,403 | 329,875,686 |
| 2040 | 37,525,963 | 325,039,429 |
| 2039 | 36,652,557 | 320,137,108 |
| 2038 | 35,772,629 | 315,207,413 |
| 2037 | 34,902,845 | 310,312,684 |
| 2036 | 34,036,236 | 305,408,418 |
| 2035 | 33,178,665 | 300,541,523 |
| 2034 | 32,328,037 | 295,686,893 |
| 2033 | 31,486,276 | 290,851,174 |
| 2032 | 30,655,886 | 286,070,650 |
| 2031 | 29,833,522 | 281,351,929 |
| 2030 | 29,028,860 | 276,708,987 |
| 2029 | 28,235,559 | 272,189,955 |
| 2028 | 27,456,170 | 267,728,673 |
| 2027 | 26,690,187 | 263,390,059 |
| 2026 | 25,940,320 | 259,231,214 |
| 2025 | 25,201,616 | 255,166,301 |
| 2024 | 24,478,595 | 251,269,164 |
| 2023 | 23,769,127 | 247,504,495 |
| 2022 | 23,072,640 | 243,700,667 |
| 2021 | 22,388,630 | 239,477,801 |
| 2020 | 21,713,836 | 235,001,746 |
| 2019 | 21,068,405 | 230,800,899 |
| 2018 | 20,442,030 | 226,928,892 |
| 2017 | 19,813,011 | 223,273,967 |
| 2016 | 19,191,289 | 220,138,869 |
| 2015 | 18,593,022 | 217,290,883 |
| 2014 | 18,020,267 | 214,264,647 |
| 2013 | 17,459,615 | 211,073,978 |
| 2012 | 16,957,033 | 207,667,125 |
| 2011 | 16,469,049 | 203,746,065 |
| 2010 | 15,945,198 | 199,239,047 |
| 2009 | 15,435,539 | 194,376,534 |
| 2008 | 14,940,782 | 189,499,113 |
| 2007 | 14,457,775 | 184,493,231 |
| 2006 | 13,990,139 | 179,682,690 |
| 2005 | 13,538,647 | 175,453,212 |
| 2004 | 13,102,409 | 171,286,000 |
| 2003 | 12,684,955 | 167,110,248 |
| 2002 | 12,288,050 | 163,222,549 |
| 2001 | 11,912,158 | 159,270,907 |
| 2000 | 11,559,290 | 154,879,127 |
| 1999 | 11,227,415 | 150,565,377 |
| 1998 | 10,919,573 | 146,522,356 |
| 1997 | 10,646,495 | 142,531,804 |
| 1996 | 10,407,278 | 138,557,092 |
| 1995 | 10,185,365 | 134,582,253 |
| 1994 | 9,967,031 | 130,748,083 |
| 1993 | 9,754,786 | 127,020,117 |
| 1992 | 9,553,540 | 123,546,848 |
| 1991 | 9,362,888 | 120,060,406 |
| 1990 | 9,178,830 | 116,155,576 |
| 1989 | 8,999,938 | 112,336,629 |
| 1988 | 8,833,996 | 108,724,739 |
| 1987 | 8,681,164 | 105,130,717 |
| 1986 | 8,531,277 | 101,606,764 |
| 1985 | 8,374,663 | 98,229,285 |
| 1984 | 8,208,599 | 95,164,936 |
| 1983 | 8,034,400 | 92,227,711 |
| 1982 | 7,860,194 | 89,089,246 |
| 1981 | 7,692,766 | 85,802,049 |
| 1980 | 7,530,515 | 82,291,010 |
| 1979 | 7,375,266 | 78,997,039 |
| 1978 | 7,229,651 | 76,307,379 |
| 1977 | 7,090,979 | 73,901,827 |
| 1976 | 6,960,979 | 71,620,254 |
| 1975 | 6,837,261 | 69,461,175 |
| 1974 | 6,715,436 | 67,415,487 |
| 1973 | 6,597,106 | 65,461,912 |
| 1972 | 6,483,726 | 63,583,194 |
| 1971 | 6,377,944 | 61,847,899 |
| 1970 | 6,276,472 | 60,166,719 |
| 1969 | 6,177,704 | 58,460,939 |
| 1968 | 6,082,979 | 56,810,507 |
| 1967 | 5,990,906 | 55,214,768 |
| 1966 | 5,902,204 | 53,678,667 |
| 1965 | 5,815,487 | 52,209,010 |
| 1964 | 5,730,125 | 50,799,999 |
| 1963 | 5,646,605 | 49,447,776 |
| 1962 | 5,563,917 | 48,156,128 |
| 1961 | 5,482,283 | 46,921,277 |
| 1960 | 5,402,550 | 45,709,310 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/mali/pakistan | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Mali increased by 5,201,150 people (a 37.2% growth), while Pakistan gained 40,456,179 people (a 22.5% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Mali gained 6,951,863 people (a 36.2% growth), while Pakistan's population increased by 40,217,278 people (a 18.3% growth).
Mali was ranked 66th most populous country in 2006 and is 58th in 2026. Pakistan was ranked 6th in 2006 and ranked 5th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Mali's population will grow by 77.4% to 46,390,999 people with a rank change from 58th to 46th. The population of Pakistan will increase by 43.1% to 372,476,884 people and rank change from 5th to 4th.
Mali is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 80.4M people compared to the peak of 515M people in 2100 for Pakistan.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Mali
|
Pakistan
|
|
| 2100 | 0.4% | 0.17% |
| 2099 | 0.43% | 0.18% |
| 2098 | 0.44% | 0.19% |
| 2097 | 0.46% | 0.22% |
| 2096 | 0.49% | 0.24% |
| 2095 | 0.52% | 0.26% |
| 2094 | 0.54% | 0.27% |
| 2093 | 0.56% | 0.28% |
| 2092 | 0.59% | 0.3% |
| 2091 | 0.62% | 0.31% |
| 2090 | 0.65% | 0.32% |
| 2089 | 0.68% | 0.35% |
| 2088 | 0.71% | 0.35% |
| 2087 | 0.73% | 0.38% |
| 2086 | 0.76% | 0.39% |
| 2085 | 0.79% | 0.41% |
| 2084 | 0.83% | 0.44% |
| 2083 | 0.85% | 0.46% |
| 2082 | 0.89% | 0.48% |
| 2081 | 0.91% | 0.5% |
| 2080 | 0.95% | 0.51% |
| 2079 | 0.98% | 0.53% |
| 2078 | 1.01% | 0.57% |
| 2077 | 1.03% | 0.6% |
| 2076 | 1.06% | 0.62% |
| 2075 | 1.1% | 0.64% |
| 2074 | 1.14% | 0.66% |
| 2073 | 1.17% | 0.69% |
| 2072 | 1.21% | 0.71% |
| 2071 | 1.23% | 0.73% |
| 2070 | 1.27% | 0.77% |
| 2069 | 1.3% | 0.79% |
| 2068 | 1.33% | 0.81% |
| 2067 | 1.36% | 0.83% |
| 2066 | 1.38% | 0.85% |
| 2065 | 1.42% | 0.88% |
| 2064 | 1.46% | 0.89% |
| 2063 | 1.49% | 0.93% |
| 2062 | 1.52% | 0.94% |
| 2061 | 1.56% | 0.97% |
| 2060 | 1.59% | 0.99% |
| 2059 | 1.62% | 1.02% |
| 2058 | 1.66% | 1.04% |
| 2057 | 1.69% | 1.07% |
| 2056 | 1.73% | 1.09% |
| 2055 | 1.76% | 1.11% |
| 2054 | 1.8% | 1.14% |
| 2053 | 1.84% | 1.16% |
| 2052 | 1.88% | 1.19% |
| 2051 | 1.92% | 1.22% |
| 2050 | 1.94% | 1.24% |
| 2049 | 1.99% | 1.27% |
| 2048 | 2.03% | 1.3% |
| 2047 | 2.08% | 1.34% |
| 2046 | 2.12% | 1.37% |
| 2045 | 2.17% | 1.39% |
| 2044 | 2.21% | 1.42% |
| 2043 | 2.26% | 1.44% |
| 2042 | 2.29% | 1.47% |
| 2041 | 2.35% | 1.49% |
| 2040 | 2.38% | 1.53% |
| 2039 | 2.46% | 1.56% |
| 2038 | 2.49% | 1.58% |
| 2037 | 2.55% | 1.61% |
| 2036 | 2.58% | 1.62% |
| 2035 | 2.63% | 1.64% |
| 2034 | 2.67% | 1.66% |
| 2033 | 2.71% | 1.67% |
| 2032 | 2.76% | 1.68% |
| 2031 | 2.77% | 1.68% |
| 2030 | 2.81% | 1.66% |
| 2029 | 2.84% | 1.67% |
| 2028 | 2.87% | 1.65% |
| 2027 | 2.89% | 1.6% |
| 2026 | 2.93% | 1.59% |
| 2025 | 2.95% | 1.55% |
| 2024 | 2.98% | 1.52% |
| 2023 | 3.02% | 1.56% |
| 2022 | 3.06% | 1.76% |
| 2021 | 3.11% | 1.9% |
| 2020 | 3.06% | 1.82% |
| 2019 | 3.06% | 1.71% |
| 2018 | 3.17% | 1.64% |
| 2017 | 3.24% | 1.42% |
| 2016 | 3.22% | 1.31% |
| 2015 | 3.18% | 1.41% |
| 2014 | 3.21% | 1.51% |
| 2013 | 2.96% | 1.64% |
| 2012 | 2.96% | 1.92% |
| 2011 | 3.29% | 2.26% |
| 2010 | 3.3% | 2.5% |
| 2009 | 3.31% | 2.57% |
| 2008 | 3.34% | 2.71% |
| 2007 | 3.34% | 2.68% |
| 2006 | 3.33% | 2.41% |
| 2005 | 3.33% | 2.43% |
| 2004 | 3.29% | 2.5% |
| 2003 | 3.23% | 2.38% |
| 2002 | 3.16% | 2.48% |
| 2001 | 3.05% | 2.84% |
| 2000 | 2.96% | 2.87% |
| 1999 | 2.82% | 2.76% |
| 1998 | 2.56% | 2.8% |
| 1997 | 2.3% | 2.87% |
| 1996 | 2.18% | 2.95% |
| 1995 | 2.19% | 2.93% |
| 1994 | 2.18% | 2.93% |
| 1993 | 2.11% | 2.81% |
| 1992 | 2.04% | 2.9% |
| 1991 | 2.01% | 3.36% |
| 1990 | 1.99% | 3.4% |
| 1989 | 1.88% | 3.32% |
| 1988 | 1.76% | 3.42% |
| 1987 | 1.76% | 3.47% |
| 1986 | 1.87% | 3.44% |
| 1985 | 2.02% | 3.22% |
| 1984 | 2.17% | 3.18% |
| 1983 | 2.22% | 3.52% |
| 1982 | 2.18% | 3.83% |
| 1981 | 2.15% | 4.27% |
| 1980 | 2.1% | 4.17% |
| 1979 | 2.01% | 3.52% |
| 1978 | 1.96% | 3.26% |
| 1977 | 1.87% | 3.19% |
| 1976 | 1.81% | 3.11% |
| 1975 | 1.81% | 3.03% |
| 1974 | 1.79% | 2.98% |
| 1973 | 1.75% | 2.95% |
| 1972 | 1.66% | 2.81% |
| 1971 | 1.62% | 2.79% |
| 1970 | 1.6% | 2.92% |
| 1969 | 1.56% | 2.91% |
| 1968 | 1.54% | 2.89% |
| 1967 | 1.5% | 2.86% |
| 1966 | 1.49% | 2.81% |
| 1965 | 1.49% | 2.77% |
| 1964 | 1.48% | 2.73% |
| 1963 | 1.49% | 2.68% |
| 1962 | 1.49% | 2.63% |
| 1961 | 1.48% | 2.65% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/mali/pakistan | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Mali grew by 2.98%, while Pakistan's population grew by 1.52%.
Live population counters
|
Mali
|
Pakistan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
26143152
|
260356147
|
| Population rank | 58/197 | 5/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.32% | 3.14% |
| One net population change |
44.5 seconds
|
8.38 seconds
|
| One birth every |
33.1 seconds
|
4.58 seconds
|
| One death every |
2.56 minutes
|
19.7 seconds
|
| Daily growth/decline | +1,944 | +10,314 |
| Annual growth/decline | +709,468 | +3,764,669 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.98% | +1.52% |
| Population growth rate rank | 15/197 | 70/197 |
| One migration net change every |
11 minutes
|
25.6 seconds
|
| Annual migration change | -48,019 | -1,235,336 |
| Net migration rank | 173/196 | 196/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 545,323 | 4,175,958 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 76/195 | 16/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 2.2% | 1.7% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 131/195 | 141/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mali
|
Pakistan
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -48,019 | - | -1,235,336 |
| 2024 | - | -46,880 | - | -1,401,173 |
| 2023 | 746,398 | -39,953 | 5,281,745 | -1,619,557 |
| 2022 | 726,465 | -39,951 | 5,268,077 | -1,322,625 |
| 2021 | 703,674 | -22,210 | 5,065,913 | -565,673 |
| 2020 | 683,053 | -14,962 | 5,011,177 | -559,291 |
| 2019 | 667,110 | -44,373 | 5,127,011 | -1,177,220 |
| 2018 | 670,723 | -40,710 | 5,103,858 | -1,309,611 |
| 2017 | 661,973 | -33,942 | 5,090,200 | -1,574,585 |
| 2016 | 645,652 | -30,251 | 5,044,922 | -2,290,411 |
| 2015 | 630,006 | -48,872 | 5,113,507 | -2,172,162 |
| 2014 | 614,419 | -50,068 | 5,148,994 | -2,037,920 |
| 2013 | 597,887 | -40,951 | 5,176,590 | -1,906,319 |
| 2012 | 588,748 | -140,507 | 5,191,263 | -1,647,989 |
| 2011 | 570,899 | -43,160 | 5,189,412 | -890,633 |
| 2010 | 554,447 | -34,483 | 5,147,142 | -431,902 |
| 2009 | 533,730 | -34,383 | 5,028,132 | -18,298 |
| 2008 | 514,665 | -24,509 | 4,885,855 | -140,746 |
| 2007 | 495,800 | -19,945 | 4,690,187 | 576,349 |
| 2006 | 477,665 | -18,247 | 4,538,426 | -183,933 |
| 2005 | 460,964 | -17,413 | 4,294,393 | -189,899 |
| 2004 | 439,717 | -10,796 | 4,294,654 | -64,669 |
| 2003 | 417,766 | -11,768 | 4,340,688 | -219,118 |
| 2002 | 396,732 | -8,914 | 4,307,607 | -653,758 |
| 2001 | 376,472 | -12,507 | 4,304,297 | -54,727 |
| 2000 | 359,159 | -17,395 | 4,281,169 | 252,869 |
| 1999 | 343,705 | -21,702 | 4,228,026 | -134,510 |
| 1998 | 323,940 | -30,255 | 4,104,824 | -112,191 |
| 1997 | 308,429 | -55,978 | 4,043,912 | -55,539 |
| 1996 | 293,953 | -67,974 | 4,021,758 | -60,855 |
| 1995 | 285,598 | -67,763 | 3,977,175 | 11,534 |
| 1994 | 282,356 | -63,533 | 3,956,699 | -277,100 |
| 1993 | 274,480 | -68,816 | 3,915,776 | -139,493 |
| 1992 | 267,605 | -70,789 | 3,888,637 | -718,387 |
| 1991 | 261,656 | -77,172 | 3,822,363 | -19,668 |
| 1990 | 252,308 | -68,668 | 3,731,730 | 275,242 |
| 1989 | 249,929 | -75,771 | 3,648,132 | -17,164 |
| 1988 | 245,682 | -87,952 | 3,554,755 | 38,139 |
| 1987 | 238,871 | -90,940 | 3,448,813 | 146,364 |
| 1986 | 233,799 | -81,970 | 3,341,643 | 111,045 |
| 1985 | 224,734 | -63,347 | 3,233,315 | 68,860 |
| 1984 | 218,078 | -47,331 | 3,145,772 | -319,242 |
| 1983 | 211,795 | -34,132 | 3,052,738 | -4,753 |
| 1982 | 204,892 | -34,140 | 2,934,689 | 294,252 |
| 1981 | 198,227 | -34,130 | 2,790,454 | 555,032 |
| 1980 | 190,560 | -30,156 | 2,598,421 | 1,078,229 |
| 1979 | 182,449 | -32,353 | 2,461,311 | 450,003 |
| 1978 | 172,652 | -31,520 | 2,356,601 | 111,386 |
| 1977 | 165,071 | -28,853 | 2,257,849 | 85,250 |
| 1976 | 157,778 | -33,999 | 2,171,812 | 48,238 |
| 1975 | 150,222 | -26,572 | 2,099,811 | -1,710 |
| 1974 | 142,448 | -22,449 | 2,028,061 | -34,785 |
| 1973 | 135,801 | -19,137 | 1,971,909 | -58,012 |
| 1972 | 129,687 | -19,594 | 1,912,774 | -69,209 |
| 1971 | 123,591 | -22,127 | 1,695,374 | -68,357 |
| 1970 | 118,952 | -17,479 | 1,793,570 | -58,281 |
| 1969 | 114,361 | -18,302 | 1,733,601 | -57,406 |
| 1968 | 111,403 | -18,015 | 1,683,296 | -58,721 |
| 1967 | 107,650 | -16,900 | 1,626,737 | -59,932 |
| 1966 | 103,684 | -17,032 | 1,566,343 | -61,025 |
| 1965 | 100,451 | -13,662 | 1,496,050 | -62,070 |
| 1964 | 97,166 | -13,226 | 1,447,394 | -63,298 |
| 1963 | 95,055 | -11,951 | 1,384,934 | -64,552 |
| 1962 | 93,101 | -10,821 | 1,328,675 | -65,780 |
| 1961 | 91,115 | -10,139 | 1,273,772 | -66,991 |
| 1960 | 88,802 | -10,314 | 1,217,147 | 0 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/mali/pakistan | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 94.9% of the population change in Mali is from natural causes (a gain of 6,749,473 people) and 5.13% is from migration (a loss of 365,292 people). In Pakistan 77.8% is from natural causes (a gain of 51,255,404 people) and 22.2% is from migration (a loss of 14,629,055 people).
As of 2024, 545,323 residents or 2.2% of the population were not native-born in Mali, compared to 4,175,958 people or 1.7% in Pakistan.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between Mali and Pakistan
|
Mali
|
Pakistan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 61.1 years | 68.1 years |
| Average age | 21.3 years | 25.6 years |
| Median age | 16.7 years | 21.5 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.5:49.5 | 50.7:49.3 |
| Fertility rate | 5.61 births per woman | 3.61 births per woman |
| Population density | 55.1 ppl/mi² | 871 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/mali/pakistan | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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