The latest officially reported population of Angola was 39,040,039 in 2025 vs 25,198,821 people in Mali in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Angola's population is 40,839,390 people compared to 26,322,576 in Mali.
Population statistics:
- Angola's population is 1.55 times bigger than Mali's.
- Angola is ranked the 39th most populous country in the world, while Mali is the 58th.
- The countries together account for 0.81% of the world: 0.49% for Angola vs 0.32% for Mali.
- For the last 10 years, Angola has had an average growth rate of +3.35% per year vs +3.1% in Mali.
- Since 2006, the population of Angola has increased from 20M people to 40.8M (104% growth), while Mali has grown from 14M to 26.3M (88.2% growth).
Angola vs Mali: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Angola
|
Mali
|
|
| 2100 | 151,745,560 | 80,362,778 |
| 2099 | 150,580,846 | 80,043,103 |
| 2098 | 149,371,332 | 79,704,143 |
| 2097 | 148,157,199 | 79,354,569 |
| 2096 | 146,917,291 | 78,987,874 |
| 2095 | 145,643,156 | 78,602,449 |
| 2094 | 144,344,232 | 78,192,601 |
| 2093 | 143,034,129 | 77,771,649 |
| 2092 | 141,703,568 | 77,337,997 |
| 2091 | 140,334,886 | 76,884,320 |
| 2090 | 138,936,092 | 76,409,599 |
| 2089 | 137,506,079 | 75,916,129 |
| 2088 | 136,062,795 | 75,405,009 |
| 2087 | 134,636,543 | 74,874,565 |
| 2086 | 133,167,448 | 74,331,613 |
| 2085 | 131,683,455 | 73,769,979 |
| 2084 | 130,187,166 | 73,189,821 |
| 2083 | 128,698,380 | 72,588,675 |
| 2082 | 127,189,065 | 71,975,720 |
| 2081 | 125,660,931 | 71,340,622 |
| 2080 | 124,081,831 | 70,699,377 |
| 2079 | 122,531,773 | 70,036,857 |
| 2078 | 120,943,083 | 69,359,523 |
| 2077 | 119,346,457 | 68,668,133 |
| 2076 | 117,760,251 | 67,965,034 |
| 2075 | 116,163,901 | 67,249,105 |
| 2074 | 114,532,128 | 66,516,075 |
| 2073 | 112,882,228 | 65,768,739 |
| 2072 | 111,237,086 | 65,009,716 |
| 2071 | 109,585,937 | 64,232,600 |
| 2070 | 107,926,358 | 63,450,597 |
| 2069 | 106,259,591 | 62,657,123 |
| 2068 | 104,595,822 | 61,850,168 |
| 2067 | 102,932,514 | 61,035,806 |
| 2066 | 101,264,338 | 60,215,831 |
| 2065 | 99,592,310 | 59,394,005 |
| 2064 | 97,913,552 | 58,560,766 |
| 2063 | 96,226,883 | 57,720,905 |
| 2062 | 94,553,276 | 56,873,801 |
| 2061 | 92,858,735 | 56,020,633 |
| 2060 | 91,176,863 | 55,160,220 |
| 2059 | 89,496,029 | 54,298,509 |
| 2058 | 87,815,720 | 53,431,783 |
| 2057 | 86,132,700 | 52,559,686 |
| 2056 | 84,471,522 | 51,686,173 |
| 2055 | 82,803,166 | 50,807,502 |
| 2054 | 81,142,960 | 49,930,546 |
| 2053 | 79,495,406 | 49,048,457 |
| 2052 | 77,850,968 | 48,161,836 |
| 2051 | 76,228,492 | 47,275,159 |
| 2050 | 74,607,823 | 46,385,854 |
| 2049 | 72,992,295 | 45,500,920 |
| 2048 | 71,394,788 | 44,612,126 |
| 2047 | 69,815,777 | 43,725,546 |
| 2046 | 68,240,689 | 42,836,054 |
| 2045 | 66,696,806 | 41,946,522 |
| 2044 | 65,156,717 | 41,057,406 |
| 2043 | 63,622,191 | 40,168,481 |
| 2042 | 62,105,363 | 39,281,666 |
| 2041 | 60,603,786 | 38,402,142 |
| 2040 | 59,109,042 | 37,521,801 |
| 2039 | 57,632,744 | 36,648,491 |
| 2038 | 56,169,001 | 35,768,661 |
| 2037 | 54,733,769 | 34,898,973 |
| 2036 | 53,306,523 | 34,032,460 |
| 2035 | 51,903,187 | 33,174,985 |
| 2034 | 50,516,462 | 32,324,451 |
| 2033 | 49,150,241 | 31,482,783 |
| 2032 | 47,812,275 | 30,652,485 |
| 2031 | 46,491,571 | 29,830,213 |
| 2030 | 45,194,288 | 29,025,640 |
| 2029 | 43,916,013 | 28,232,427 |
| 2028 | 42,656,153 | 27,453,124 |
| 2027 | 41,425,838 | 26,687,226 |
| 2026 | 40,219,996 | 25,937,442 |
| 2025 | 39,040,039 | 25,198,821 |
| 2024 | 37,885,849 | 24,478,595 |
| 2023 | 36,749,906 | 23,769,127 |
| 2022 | 35,635,029 | 23,072,640 |
| 2021 | 34,532,429 | 22,388,630 |
| 2020 | 33,451,132 | 21,713,836 |
| 2019 | 32,375,632 | 21,068,405 |
| 2018 | 31,297,155 | 20,442,030 |
| 2017 | 30,234,839 | 19,813,011 |
| 2016 | 29,183,070 | 19,191,289 |
| 2015 | 28,157,798 | 18,593,022 |
| 2014 | 27,160,769 | 18,020,267 |
| 2013 | 26,165,620 | 17,459,615 |
| 2012 | 25,177,394 | 16,957,033 |
| 2011 | 24,218,352 | 16,469,049 |
| 2010 | 23,294,825 | 15,945,198 |
| 2009 | 22,414,773 | 15,435,539 |
| 2008 | 21,578,655 | 14,940,782 |
| 2007 | 20,778,561 | 14,457,775 |
| 2006 | 20,015,279 | 13,990,139 |
| 2005 | 19,291,161 | 13,538,647 |
| 2004 | 18,600,423 | 13,102,409 |
| 2003 | 17,943,712 | 12,684,955 |
| 2002 | 17,327,699 | 12,288,050 |
| 2001 | 16,747,208 | 11,912,158 |
| 2000 | 16,194,869 | 11,559,290 |
| 1999 | 15,667,235 | 11,227,415 |
| 1998 | 15,159,370 | 10,919,573 |
| 1997 | 14,660,413 | 10,646,495 |
| 1996 | 14,170,973 | 10,407,278 |
| 1995 | 13,699,778 | 10,185,365 |
| 1994 | 13,249,764 | 9,967,031 |
| 1993 | 12,827,135 | 9,754,786 |
| 1992 | 12,423,712 | 9,553,540 |
| 1991 | 12,023,529 | 9,362,888 |
| 1990 | 11,626,360 | 9,178,830 |
| 1989 | 11,238,562 | 8,999,938 |
| 1988 | 10,861,291 | 8,833,996 |
| 1987 | 10,497,858 | 8,681,164 |
| 1986 | 10,139,450 | 8,531,277 |
| 1985 | 9,779,120 | 8,374,663 |
| 1984 | 9,425,917 | 8,208,599 |
| 1983 | 9,082,983 | 8,034,400 |
| 1982 | 8,751,648 | 7,860,194 |
| 1981 | 8,435,607 | 7,692,766 |
| 1980 | 8,133,872 | 7,530,515 |
| 1979 | 7,847,207 | 7,375,266 |
| 1978 | 7,576,734 | 7,229,651 |
| 1977 | 7,317,829 | 7,090,979 |
| 1976 | 7,074,664 | 6,960,979 |
| 1975 | 6,842,947 | 6,837,261 |
| 1974 | 6,613,367 | 6,715,436 |
| 1973 | 6,388,528 | 6,597,106 |
| 1972 | 6,174,262 | 6,483,726 |
| 1971 | 5,991,102 | 6,377,944 |
| 1970 | 5,852,788 | 6,276,472 |
| 1969 | 5,763,685 | 6,177,704 |
| 1968 | 5,702,699 | 6,082,979 |
| 1967 | 5,641,807 | 5,990,906 |
| 1966 | 5,581,386 | 5,902,204 |
| 1965 | 5,521,981 | 5,815,487 |
| 1964 | 5,464,187 | 5,730,125 |
| 1963 | 5,408,320 | 5,646,605 |
| 1962 | 5,354,310 | 5,563,917 |
| 1961 | 5,301,583 | 5,482,283 |
| 1960 | 5,231,654 | 5,402,550 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/angola/mali | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Angola increased by 9,167,791 people (a 45.8% growth), while Mali gained 5,201,150 people (a 37.2% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Angola gained 11,656,320 people (a 39.9% growth), while Mali's population increased by 7,131,287 people (a 37.2% growth).
Angola was ranked 56th most populous country in 2006 and is 39th in 2026. Mali was ranked 66th in 2006 and ranked 58th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Angola's population will grow by 82.7% to 74,607,823 people with a rank change from 39th to 27th. The population of Mali will increase by 76.2% to 46,385,854 people and rank change from 58th to 47th.
Angola is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 152M people compared to the peak of 80.4M people in 2100 for Mali.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Angola
|
Mali
|
|
| 2100 | 0.77% | 0.4% |
| 2099 | 0.81% | 0.43% |
| 2098 | 0.82% | 0.44% |
| 2097 | 0.84% | 0.46% |
| 2096 | 0.87% | 0.49% |
| 2095 | 0.9% | 0.52% |
| 2094 | 0.92% | 0.54% |
| 2093 | 0.94% | 0.56% |
| 2092 | 0.98% | 0.59% |
| 2091 | 1.01% | 0.62% |
| 2090 | 1.04% | 0.65% |
| 2089 | 1.06% | 0.68% |
| 2088 | 1.06% | 0.71% |
| 2087 | 1.1% | 0.73% |
| 2086 | 1.13% | 0.76% |
| 2085 | 1.15% | 0.79% |
| 2084 | 1.16% | 0.83% |
| 2083 | 1.19% | 0.85% |
| 2082 | 1.22% | 0.89% |
| 2081 | 1.27% | 0.91% |
| 2080 | 1.27% | 0.95% |
| 2079 | 1.31% | 0.98% |
| 2078 | 1.34% | 1.01% |
| 2077 | 1.35% | 1.03% |
| 2076 | 1.37% | 1.06% |
| 2075 | 1.42% | 1.1% |
| 2074 | 1.46% | 1.14% |
| 2073 | 1.48% | 1.17% |
| 2072 | 1.51% | 1.21% |
| 2071 | 1.54% | 1.23% |
| 2070 | 1.57% | 1.27% |
| 2069 | 1.59% | 1.3% |
| 2068 | 1.62% | 1.33% |
| 2067 | 1.65% | 1.36% |
| 2066 | 1.68% | 1.38% |
| 2065 | 1.71% | 1.42% |
| 2064 | 1.75% | 1.46% |
| 2063 | 1.77% | 1.49% |
| 2062 | 1.82% | 1.52% |
| 2061 | 1.84% | 1.56% |
| 2060 | 1.88% | 1.59% |
| 2059 | 1.91% | 1.62% |
| 2058 | 1.95% | 1.66% |
| 2057 | 1.97% | 1.69% |
| 2056 | 2.01% | 1.73% |
| 2055 | 2.05% | 1.76% |
| 2054 | 2.07% | 1.8% |
| 2053 | 2.11% | 1.84% |
| 2052 | 2.13% | 1.88% |
| 2051 | 2.17% | 1.92% |
| 2050 | 2.21% | 1.94% |
| 2049 | 2.24% | 1.99% |
| 2048 | 2.26% | 2.03% |
| 2047 | 2.31% | 2.08% |
| 2046 | 2.31% | 2.12% |
| 2045 | 2.36% | 2.17% |
| 2044 | 2.41% | 2.21% |
| 2043 | 2.44% | 2.26% |
| 2042 | 2.48% | 2.29% |
| 2041 | 2.53% | 2.35% |
| 2040 | 2.56% | 2.38% |
| 2039 | 2.61% | 2.46% |
| 2038 | 2.62% | 2.49% |
| 2037 | 2.68% | 2.55% |
| 2036 | 2.7% | 2.58% |
| 2035 | 2.75% | 2.63% |
| 2034 | 2.78% | 2.67% |
| 2033 | 2.8% | 2.71% |
| 2032 | 2.84% | 2.76% |
| 2031 | 2.87% | 2.77% |
| 2030 | 2.91% | 2.81% |
| 2029 | 2.95% | 2.84% |
| 2028 | 2.97% | 2.87% |
| 2027 | 3% | 2.89% |
| 2026 | 3.02% | 2.93% |
| 2025 | 3.05% | 2.94% |
| 2024 | 3.09% | 2.98% |
| 2023 | 3.13% | 3.02% |
| 2022 | 3.19% | 3.06% |
| 2021 | 3.23% | 3.11% |
| 2020 | 3.32% | 3.06% |
| 2019 | 3.45% | 3.06% |
| 2018 | 3.51% | 3.17% |
| 2017 | 3.6% | 3.24% |
| 2016 | 3.64% | 3.22% |
| 2015 | 3.67% | 3.18% |
| 2014 | 3.8% | 3.21% |
| 2013 | 3.93% | 2.96% |
| 2012 | 3.96% | 2.96% |
| 2011 | 3.96% | 3.29% |
| 2010 | 3.93% | 3.3% |
| 2009 | 3.87% | 3.31% |
| 2008 | 3.85% | 3.34% |
| 2007 | 3.81% | 3.34% |
| 2006 | 3.75% | 3.33% |
| 2005 | 3.71% | 3.33% |
| 2004 | 3.66% | 3.29% |
| 2003 | 3.56% | 3.23% |
| 2002 | 3.47% | 3.16% |
| 2001 | 3.41% | 3.05% |
| 2000 | 3.37% | 2.96% |
| 1999 | 3.35% | 2.82% |
| 1998 | 3.4% | 2.56% |
| 1997 | 3.45% | 2.3% |
| 1996 | 3.44% | 2.18% |
| 1995 | 3.4% | 2.19% |
| 1994 | 3.29% | 2.18% |
| 1993 | 3.25% | 2.11% |
| 1992 | 3.33% | 2.04% |
| 1991 | 3.42% | 2.01% |
| 1990 | 3.45% | 1.99% |
| 1989 | 3.47% | 1.88% |
| 1988 | 3.46% | 1.76% |
| 1987 | 3.53% | 1.76% |
| 1986 | 3.68% | 1.87% |
| 1985 | 3.75% | 2.02% |
| 1984 | 3.78% | 2.17% |
| 1983 | 3.79% | 2.22% |
| 1982 | 3.75% | 2.18% |
| 1981 | 3.71% | 2.15% |
| 1980 | 3.65% | 2.1% |
| 1979 | 3.57% | 2.01% |
| 1978 | 3.54% | 1.96% |
| 1977 | 3.44% | 1.87% |
| 1976 | 3.39% | 1.81% |
| 1975 | 3.47% | 1.81% |
| 1974 | 3.52% | 1.79% |
| 1973 | 3.47% | 1.75% |
| 1972 | 3.06% | 1.66% |
| 1971 | 2.36% | 1.62% |
| 1970 | 1.55% | 1.6% |
| 1969 | 1.07% | 1.56% |
| 1968 | 1.08% | 1.54% |
| 1967 | 1.08% | 1.5% |
| 1966 | 1.08% | 1.49% |
| 1965 | 1.06% | 1.49% |
| 1964 | 1.03% | 1.48% |
| 1963 | 1.01% | 1.49% |
| 1962 | 0.99% | 1.49% |
| 1961 | 1.34% | 1.48% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/angola/mali | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Angola grew by 3.05%, while Mali's population grew by 2.94%.
Live population counters
|
Angola
|
Mali
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
40839390
|
26322576
|
| Population rank | 39/197 | 58/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.49% | 0.32% |
| One net population change |
27.4 seconds
|
43.9 seconds
|
| One birth every |
22.4 seconds
|
32.6 seconds
|
| One death every |
2.03 minutes
|
2.52 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +3,162 | +1,973 |
| Annual growth/decline | +1,154,190 | +720,226 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +3.05% | +2.94% |
| Population growth rate rank | 12/197 | 14/197 |
| One migration net change every |
2.49 hours
|
11 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -3,524 | -48,019 |
| Net migration rank | 113/196 | 173/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 676,507 | 545,323 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 72/195 | 76/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 1.8% | 2.2% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 134/195 | 131/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Angola
|
Mali
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -3,524 | - | -48,019 |
| 2024 | 1,148,623 | -2,629 | 759,375 | -46,880 |
| 2023 | 1,126,862 | -995 | 746,398 | -39,953 |
| 2022 | 1,104,864 | -995 | 726,465 | -39,951 |
| 2021 | 1,072,267 | 29,094 | 703,674 | -22,210 |
| 2020 | 1,053,677 | 7,556 | 683,053 | -14,962 |
| 2019 | 1,030,776 | 58,984 | 667,110 | -44,373 |
| 2018 | 1,005,547 | 61,632 | 670,723 | -40,710 |
| 2017 | 979,700 | 77,731 | 661,973 | -33,942 |
| 2016 | 954,491 | 91,614 | 645,652 | -30,251 |
| 2015 | 930,277 | 74,171 | 630,006 | -48,872 |
| 2014 | 905,106 | 84,535 | 614,419 | -50,068 |
| 2013 | 876,208 | 124,478 | 597,887 | -40,951 |
| 2012 | 845,130 | 130,643 | 588,748 | -140,507 |
| 2011 | 813,495 | 128,800 | 570,899 | -43,160 |
| 2010 | 782,310 | 122,418 | 554,447 | -34,483 |
| 2009 | 750,290 | 105,077 | 533,730 | -34,383 |
| 2008 | 716,519 | 100,370 | 514,665 | -24,509 |
| 2007 | 682,742 | 100,563 | 495,800 | -19,945 |
| 2006 | 647,814 | 95,431 | 477,665 | -18,247 |
| 2005 | 617,934 | 87,050 | 460,964 | -17,413 |
| 2004 | 585,950 | 90,553 | 439,717 | -10,796 |
| 2003 | 556,111 | 80,828 | 417,766 | -11,768 |
| 2002 | 512,813 | 82,292 | 396,732 | -8,914 |
| 2001 | 488,432 | 77,458 | 376,472 | -12,507 |
| 2000 | 465,975 | 72,793 | 359,159 | -17,395 |
| 1999 | 446,188 | 70,301 | 343,705 | -21,702 |
| 1998 | 428,722 | 70,527 | 323,940 | -30,255 |
| 1997 | 430,723 | 67,944 | 308,429 | -55,978 |
| 1996 | 418,526 | 61,681 | 293,953 | -67,974 |
| 1995 | 406,610 | 55,568 | 285,598 | -67,763 |
| 1994 | 376,280 | 61,569 | 282,356 | -63,533 |
| 1993 | 354,529 | 52,879 | 274,480 | -68,816 |
| 1992 | 346,125 | 53,310 | 267,605 | -70,789 |
| 1991 | 354,778 | 46,143 | 261,656 | -77,172 |
| 1990 | 328,596 | 64,821 | 252,308 | -68,668 |
| 1989 | 318,602 | 63,586 | 249,929 | -75,771 |
| 1988 | 307,331 | 65,028 | 245,682 | -87,952 |
| 1987 | 291,683 | 62,820 | 238,871 | -90,940 |
| 1986 | 297,320 | 64,974 | 233,799 | -81,970 |
| 1985 | 283,633 | 74,738 | 224,734 | -63,347 |
| 1984 | 269,506 | 78,529 | 218,078 | -47,331 |
| 1983 | 254,860 | 82,958 | 211,795 | -34,132 |
| 1982 | 248,932 | 75,921 | 204,892 | -34,140 |
| 1981 | 236,340 | 70,910 | 198,227 | -34,130 |
| 1980 | 224,031 | 72,192 | 190,560 | -30,156 |
| 1979 | 212,942 | 64,158 | 182,449 | -32,353 |
| 1978 | 202,655 | 61,200 | 172,652 | -31,520 |
| 1977 | 192,847 | 61,110 | 165,071 | -28,853 |
| 1976 | 184,430 | 47,927 | 157,778 | -33,999 |
| 1975 | 178,409 | 52,662 | 150,222 | -26,572 |
| 1974 | 174,858 | 53,232 | 142,448 | -22,449 |
| 1973 | 166,926 | 54,650 | 135,801 | -19,137 |
| 1972 | 159,339 | 47,611 | 129,687 | -19,594 |
| 1971 | 154,990 | 4,386 | 123,591 | -22,127 |
| 1970 | 153,706 | -36,456 | 118,952 | -17,479 |
| 1969 | 151,349 | -90,395 | 114,361 | -18,302 |
| 1968 | 148,744 | -87,730 | 111,403 | -18,015 |
| 1967 | 145,936 | -85,173 | 107,650 | -16,900 |
| 1966 | 142,844 | -82,767 | 103,684 | -17,032 |
| 1965 | 139,850 | -81,111 | 100,451 | -13,662 |
| 1964 | 136,824 | -79,977 | 97,166 | -13,226 |
| 1963 | 133,580 | -78,700 | 95,055 | -11,951 |
| 1962 | 130,405 | -77,265 | 93,101 | -10,821 |
| 1961 | 127,085 | -74,774 | 91,115 | -10,139 |
| 1960 | 128,489 | -40,935 | 88,802 | -10,314 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/angola/mali | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 96.3% of the population change in Angola is from natural causes (a gain of 10,407,084 people) and 3.67% is from migration (a gain of 396,163 people). In Mali 95% is from natural causes (a gain of 6,894,429 people) and 4.99% is from migration (a loss of 362,104 people).
As of 2024, 676,507 residents or 1.8% of the population were not native-born in Angola, compared to 545,323 people or 2.2% in Mali.
Biggest cities by population
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Angola and Mali
|
Angola
|
Mali
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 65.2 years | 61.1 years |
| Average age | 22.5 years | 21.4 years |
| Median age | 17.8 years | 16.8 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.5:50.5 | 50.4:49.6 |
| Fertility rate | 5.05 births per woman | 5.51 births per woman |
| Population density | 83.6 ppl/mi² | 55.1 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/angola/mali | CC BY
Help us show the world through your eyes
Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.
Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.