The latest officially reported population of Indonesia was 285,721,236 in 2025 vs 7,873,046 people in Laos in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Indonesia's population is 289,027,659 people compared to 8,027,464 in Laos.
Population statistics:
- Indonesia's population is 36 times bigger than Laos'.
- Indonesia is ranked the 4th most populous country in the world, while Laos is the 103rd.
- The countries together account for 3.57% of the world: 3.48% for Indonesia vs 0.1% for Laos.
- For the last 10 years, Indonesia has had an average growth rate of +0.9% per year vs +1.47% in Laos.
- Since 2006, the population of Indonesia has increased from 234M people to 289M (23.5% growth), while Laos has grown from 5.96M to 8.03M (34.6% growth).
Indonesia vs Laos: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Indonesia
|
Laos
|
|
| 2100 | 297,217,412 | 9,340,510 |
| 2099 | 298,340,219 | 9,387,374 |
| 2098 | 299,449,882 | 9,433,309 |
| 2097 | 300,549,857 | 9,478,091 |
| 2096 | 301,634,112 | 9,521,914 |
| 2095 | 302,698,798 | 9,564,898 |
| 2094 | 303,751,488 | 9,607,314 |
| 2093 | 304,790,169 | 9,648,899 |
| 2092 | 305,809,796 | 9,689,414 |
| 2091 | 306,805,664 | 9,729,262 |
| 2090 | 307,780,044 | 9,767,923 |
| 2089 | 308,727,665 | 9,805,489 |
| 2088 | 309,652,467 | 9,841,933 |
| 2087 | 310,557,120 | 9,876,893 |
| 2086 | 311,434,804 | 9,910,678 |
| 2085 | 312,284,488 | 9,942,991 |
| 2084 | 313,107,329 | 9,973,375 |
| 2083 | 313,904,231 | 10,002,778 |
| 2082 | 314,670,881 | 10,030,306 |
| 2081 | 315,404,888 | 10,056,473 |
| 2080 | 316,109,402 | 10,080,959 |
| 2079 | 316,790,074 | 10,104,434 |
| 2078 | 317,438,140 | 10,126,099 |
| 2077 | 318,056,534 | 10,146,255 |
| 2076 | 318,635,038 | 10,163,547 |
| 2075 | 319,190,402 | 10,179,776 |
| 2074 | 319,709,426 | 10,194,216 |
| 2073 | 320,201,444 | 10,206,546 |
| 2072 | 320,659,562 | 10,216,287 |
| 2071 | 321,086,184 | 10,223,430 |
| 2070 | 321,485,042 | 10,229,612 |
| 2069 | 321,858,064 | 10,233,020 |
| 2068 | 322,201,979 | 10,233,371 |
| 2067 | 322,516,545 | 10,231,633 |
| 2066 | 322,798,892 | 10,226,448 |
| 2065 | 323,048,550 | 10,219,732 |
| 2064 | 323,268,759 | 10,210,382 |
| 2063 | 323,456,004 | 10,198,463 |
| 2062 | 323,612,644 | 10,184,239 |
| 2061 | 323,734,699 | 10,166,878 |
| 2060 | 323,814,746 | 10,146,829 |
| 2059 | 323,854,683 | 10,124,398 |
| 2058 | 323,844,015 | 10,098,721 |
| 2057 | 323,786,943 | 10,070,317 |
| 2056 | 323,671,172 | 10,039,482 |
| 2055 | 323,502,155 | 10,006,669 |
| 2054 | 323,274,189 | 9,970,363 |
| 2053 | 322,982,358 | 9,931,133 |
| 2052 | 322,627,695 | 9,889,162 |
| 2051 | 322,202,850 | 9,844,445 |
| 2050 | 321,699,802 | 9,797,566 |
| 2049 | 321,119,283 | 9,748,481 |
| 2048 | 320,457,830 | 9,695,755 |
| 2047 | 319,728,668 | 9,641,319 |
| 2046 | 318,921,027 | 9,584,097 |
| 2045 | 318,028,206 | 9,524,890 |
| 2044 | 317,051,440 | 9,462,921 |
| 2043 | 315,992,168 | 9,399,555 |
| 2042 | 314,856,940 | 9,332,795 |
| 2041 | 313,643,892 | 9,264,069 |
| 2040 | 312,358,800 | 9,193,691 |
| 2039 | 311,001,176 | 9,120,921 |
| 2038 | 309,578,763 | 9,044,658 |
| 2037 | 308,089,917 | 8,966,687 |
| 2036 | 306,544,452 | 8,886,908 |
| 2035 | 304,940,852 | 8,805,396 |
| 2034 | 303,275,782 | 8,721,979 |
| 2033 | 301,552,643 | 8,636,299 |
| 2032 | 299,781,696 | 8,548,097 |
| 2031 | 297,956,985 | 8,457,770 |
| 2030 | 296,081,262 | 8,365,427 |
| 2029 | 294,145,245 | 8,271,316 |
| 2028 | 292,143,454 | 8,174,975 |
| 2027 | 290,069,053 | 8,076,308 |
| 2026 | 287,927,760 | 7,975,876 |
| 2025 | 285,721,236 | 7,873,046 |
| 2024 | 283,487,931 | 7,769,819 |
| 2023 | 281,190,067 | 7,664,993 |
| 2022 | 278,830,529 | 7,559,007 |
| 2021 | 276,758,053 | 7,453,194 |
| 2020 | 274,814,866 | 7,346,533 |
| 2019 | 272,489,381 | 7,237,636 |
| 2018 | 269,951,846 | 7,128,045 |
| 2017 | 267,346,658 | 7,018,147 |
| 2016 | 264,627,418 | 6,908,802 |
| 2015 | 261,799,249 | 6,801,645 |
| 2014 | 258,877,399 | 6,703,172 |
| 2013 | 255,852,467 | 6,611,385 |
| 2012 | 252,698,525 | 6,518,978 |
| 2011 | 249,470,032 | 6,426,590 |
| 2010 | 246,305,322 | 6,334,194 |
| 2009 | 243,220,028 | 6,241,642 |
| 2008 | 240,157,903 | 6,148,969 |
| 2007 | 237,062,337 | 6,056,236 |
| 2006 | 233,951,652 | 5,963,200 |
| 2005 | 230,871,650 | 5,869,523 |
| 2004 | 227,926,649 | 5,781,626 |
| 2003 | 225,048,008 | 5,697,945 |
| 2002 | 222,088,495 | 5,610,889 |
| 2001 | 219,097,902 | 5,521,482 |
| 2000 | 216,077,790 | 5,431,212 |
| 1999 | 213,004,668 | 5,340,784 |
| 1998 | 209,826,788 | 5,248,266 |
| 1997 | 206,536,095 | 5,152,011 |
| 1996 | 203,204,348 | 5,045,678 |
| 1995 | 199,888,057 | 4,929,409 |
| 1994 | 196,591,828 | 4,809,220 |
| 1993 | 193,305,168 | 4,685,060 |
| 1992 | 190,043,744 | 4,559,646 |
| 1991 | 186,778,238 | 4,435,118 |
| 1990 | 183,501,098 | 4,311,955 |
| 1989 | 180,201,630 | 4,190,974 |
| 1988 | 176,855,065 | 4,072,601 |
| 1987 | 173,511,154 | 3,957,612 |
| 1986 | 170,175,065 | 3,846,715 |
| 1985 | 166,776,185 | 3,739,985 |
| 1984 | 163,251,124 | 3,637,843 |
| 1983 | 159,651,381 | 3,541,001 |
| 1982 | 156,052,152 | 3,450,026 |
| 1981 | 152,485,035 | 3,366,631 |
| 1980 | 148,950,540 | 3,292,573 |
| 1979 | 145,434,834 | 3,228,202 |
| 1978 | 141,953,163 | 3,171,740 |
| 1977 | 138,533,541 | 3,118,923 |
| 1976 | 135,173,655 | 3,064,876 |
| 1975 | 131,843,848 | 3,005,521 |
| 1974 | 128,555,045 | 2,939,761 |
| 1973 | 125,288,515 | 2,870,573 |
| 1972 | 122,039,841 | 2,801,660 |
| 1971 | 118,833,702 | 2,734,628 |
| 1970 | 115,657,495 | 2,669,702 |
| 1969 | 112,517,639 | 2,606,959 |
| 1968 | 109,450,006 | 2,546,377 |
| 1967 | 106,526,393 | 2,487,715 |
| 1966 | 103,792,754 | 2,431,084 |
| 1965 | 101,365,130 | 2,376,200 |
| 1964 | 98,833,749 | 2,322,826 |
| 1963 | 96,051,424 | 2,271,061 |
| 1962 | 93,375,850 | 2,219,910 |
| 1961 | 90,791,249 | 2,169,796 |
| 1960 | 88,296,070 | 2,121,514 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/indonesia/laos | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Indonesia increased by 30,675,766 people (a 13.1% growth), while Laos gained 945,602 people (a 15.9% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Indonesia gained 24,400,241 people (a 9.22% growth), while Laos' population increased by 1,118,662 people (a 16.2% growth).
Indonesia was ranked 4th most populous country in 2006 and is still 4th in 2026. Laos was ranked 104th in 2006 and ranked 103rd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Indonesia's population will grow by 11.3% to 321,699,802 people with a rank change from 4th to 6th. The population of Laos will increase by 22.1% to 9,797,566 people and rank change from 103rd to 99th.
Indonesia is projected to reach its peak in 2059 at 324M people compared to the peak of 10.2M people in 2068 for Laos.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Indonesia
|
Laos
|
|
| 2100 | -0.38% | -0.5% |
| 2099 | -0.37% | -0.49% |
| 2098 | -0.37% | -0.47% |
| 2097 | -0.36% | -0.46% |
| 2096 | -0.35% | -0.45% |
| 2095 | -0.35% | -0.44% |
| 2094 | -0.34% | -0.43% |
| 2093 | -0.33% | -0.42% |
| 2092 | -0.32% | -0.41% |
| 2091 | -0.32% | -0.4% |
| 2090 | -0.31% | -0.38% |
| 2089 | -0.3% | -0.37% |
| 2088 | -0.29% | -0.35% |
| 2087 | -0.28% | -0.34% |
| 2086 | -0.27% | -0.32% |
| 2085 | -0.26% | -0.3% |
| 2084 | -0.25% | -0.29% |
| 2083 | -0.24% | -0.27% |
| 2082 | -0.23% | -0.26% |
| 2081 | -0.22% | -0.24% |
| 2080 | -0.21% | -0.23% |
| 2079 | -0.2% | -0.21% |
| 2078 | -0.19% | -0.2% |
| 2077 | -0.18% | -0.17% |
| 2076 | -0.17% | -0.16% |
| 2075 | -0.16% | -0.14% |
| 2074 | -0.15% | -0.12% |
| 2073 | -0.14% | -0.1% |
| 2072 | -0.13% | -0.07% |
| 2071 | -0.12% | -0.06% |
| 2070 | -0.12% | -0.03% |
| 2069 | -0.11% | -0.003% |
| 2068 | -0.1% | 0.02% |
| 2067 | -0.09% | 0.05% |
| 2066 | -0.08% | 0.07% |
| 2065 | -0.07% | 0.09% |
| 2064 | -0.06% | 0.12% |
| 2063 | -0.05% | 0.14% |
| 2062 | -0.04% | 0.17% |
| 2061 | -0.02% | 0.2% |
| 2060 | -0.01% | 0.22% |
| 2059 | 0.003% | 0.25% |
| 2058 | 0.02% | 0.28% |
| 2057 | 0.04% | 0.31% |
| 2056 | 0.05% | 0.33% |
| 2055 | 0.07% | 0.36% |
| 2054 | 0.09% | 0.4% |
| 2053 | 0.11% | 0.42% |
| 2052 | 0.13% | 0.45% |
| 2051 | 0.16% | 0.48% |
| 2050 | 0.18% | 0.5% |
| 2049 | 0.21% | 0.54% |
| 2048 | 0.23% | 0.56% |
| 2047 | 0.25% | 0.6% |
| 2046 | 0.28% | 0.62% |
| 2045 | 0.31% | 0.65% |
| 2044 | 0.34% | 0.67% |
| 2043 | 0.36% | 0.72% |
| 2042 | 0.39% | 0.74% |
| 2041 | 0.41% | 0.77% |
| 2040 | 0.44% | 0.8% |
| 2039 | 0.46% | 0.84% |
| 2038 | 0.48% | 0.87% |
| 2037 | 0.5% | 0.9% |
| 2036 | 0.53% | 0.93% |
| 2035 | 0.55% | 0.96% |
| 2034 | 0.57% | 0.99% |
| 2033 | 0.59% | 1.03% |
| 2032 | 0.61% | 1.07% |
| 2031 | 0.63% | 1.1% |
| 2030 | 0.66% | 1.14% |
| 2029 | 0.69% | 1.18% |
| 2028 | 0.72% | 1.22% |
| 2027 | 0.74% | 1.26% |
| 2026 | 0.77% | 1.31% |
| 2025 | 0.79% | 1.33% |
| 2024 | 0.82% | 1.37% |
| 2023 | 0.85% | 1.4% |
| 2022 | 0.75% | 1.42% |
| 2021 | 0.71% | 1.45% |
| 2020 | 0.85% | 1.5% |
| 2019 | 0.94% | 1.54% |
| 2018 | 0.97% | 1.57% |
| 2017 | 1.03% | 1.58% |
| 2016 | 1.08% | 1.58% |
| 2015 | 1.13% | 1.47% |
| 2014 | 1.18% | 1.39% |
| 2013 | 1.25% | 1.42% |
| 2012 | 1.29% | 1.44% |
| 2011 | 1.28% | 1.46% |
| 2010 | 1.27% | 1.48% |
| 2009 | 1.28% | 1.51% |
| 2008 | 1.31% | 1.53% |
| 2007 | 1.33% | 1.56% |
| 2006 | 1.33% | 1.6% |
| 2005 | 1.29% | 1.52% |
| 2004 | 1.28% | 1.47% |
| 2003 | 1.33% | 1.55% |
| 2002 | 1.36% | 1.62% |
| 2001 | 1.4% | 1.66% |
| 2000 | 1.44% | 1.69% |
| 1999 | 1.51% | 1.76% |
| 1998 | 1.59% | 1.87% |
| 1997 | 1.64% | 2.11% |
| 1996 | 1.66% | 2.36% |
| 1995 | 1.68% | 2.5% |
| 1994 | 1.7% | 2.65% |
| 1993 | 1.72% | 2.75% |
| 1992 | 1.75% | 2.81% |
| 1991 | 1.79% | 2.86% |
| 1990 | 1.83% | 2.89% |
| 1989 | 1.89% | 2.91% |
| 1988 | 1.93% | 2.91% |
| 1987 | 1.96% | 2.88% |
| 1986 | 2.04% | 2.85% |
| 1985 | 2.16% | 2.81% |
| 1984 | 2.25% | 2.73% |
| 1983 | 2.31% | 2.64% |
| 1982 | 2.34% | 2.48% |
| 1981 | 2.37% | 2.25% |
| 1980 | 2.42% | 1.99% |
| 1979 | 2.45% | 1.78% |
| 1978 | 2.47% | 1.69% |
| 1977 | 2.49% | 1.76% |
| 1976 | 2.53% | 1.97% |
| 1975 | 2.56% | 2.24% |
| 1974 | 2.61% | 2.41% |
| 1973 | 2.66% | 2.46% |
| 1972 | 2.7% | 2.45% |
| 1971 | 2.75% | 2.43% |
| 1970 | 2.79% | 2.41% |
| 1969 | 2.8% | 2.38% |
| 1968 | 2.74% | 2.36% |
| 1967 | 2.63% | 2.33% |
| 1966 | 2.39% | 2.31% |
| 1965 | 2.56% | 2.3% |
| 1964 | 2.9% | 2.28% |
| 1963 | 2.87% | 2.3% |
| 1962 | 2.85% | 2.31% |
| 1961 | 2.83% | 2.28% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/indonesia/laos | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Indonesia grew by 0.79%, while Laos' population grew by 1.33%.
Live population counters
|
Indonesia
|
Laos
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
289027659
|
8027464
|
| Population rank | 4/197 | 103/197 |
| Percent of world population | 3.48% | 0.1% |
| One net population change |
14.2 seconds
|
5.11 minutes
|
| One birth every |
7.06 seconds
|
3.23 minutes
|
| One death every |
14.6 seconds
|
10.9 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +6,119 | +283 |
| Annual growth/decline | +2,233,305 | +103,227 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.79% | +1.33% |
| Population growth rate rank | 112/197 | 76/197 |
| One migration net change every |
13.3 minutes
|
49.5 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -39,509 | -10,645 |
| Net migration rank | 171/196 | 134/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 445,726 | 51,446 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 86/195 | 149/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.2% | 0.7% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 188/195 | 166/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Indonesia
|
Laos
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -39,509 | - | -10,645 |
| 2024 | 2,307,025 | -38,469 | 114,574 | -10,284 |
| 2023 | 2,364,808 | -37,501 | 115,359 | -10,003 |
| 2022 | 2,429,171 | -37,501 | 116,620 | -10,003 |
| 2021 | 1,764,332 | -11,248 | 115,323 | -10,305 |
| 2020 | 2,152,076 | -18,743 | 118,609 | -10,305 |
| 2019 | 2,548,048 | -30,421 | 119,797 | -10,305 |
| 2018 | 2,587,219 | -29,911 | 119,986 | -10,305 |
| 2017 | 2,682,556 | -29,467 | 120,515 | -10,400 |
| 2016 | 2,814,578 | -28,991 | 119,978 | -11,401 |
| 2015 | 2,899,165 | -28,487 | 118,723 | -12,991 |
| 2014 | 3,000,907 | -27,988 | 118,103 | -26,881 |
| 2013 | 3,104,258 | -27,507 | 119,845 | -27,492 |
| 2012 | 3,259,811 | -28,869 | 121,324 | -28,871 |
| 2011 | 3,266,560 | -40,543 | 122,863 | -30,538 |
| 2010 | 3,161,082 | -57,752 | 122,516 | -30,046 |
| 2009 | 3,140,944 | -73,655 | 122,174 | -29,545 |
| 2008 | 3,138,143 | -81,364 | 121,042 | -28,318 |
| 2007 | 3,211,484 | -77,338 | 119,980 | -27,233 |
| 2006 | 3,163,026 | -75,829 | 118,602 | -25,286 |
| 2005 | 3,149,551 | -76,784 | 118,165 | -24,138 |
| 2004 | 2,894,440 | -77,002 | 121,888 | -40,120 |
| 2003 | 3,037,698 | -97,732 | 122,158 | -36,572 |
| 2002 | 3,063,044 | -83,985 | 122,110 | -33,595 |
| 2001 | 3,066,275 | -64,255 | 123,847 | -33,552 |
| 2000 | 3,080,621 | -42,697 | 124,201 | -33,965 |
| 1999 | 3,137,133 | -28,799 | 127,255 | -36,632 |
| 1998 | 3,258,820 | -11,356 | 128,409 | -33,997 |
| 1997 | 3,338,243 | -4,334 | 130,388 | -32,288 |
| 1996 | 3,331,535 | -1,854 | 131,142 | -16,574 |
| 1995 | 3,304,550 | -1,643 | 132,241 | -14,279 |
| 1994 | 3,292,127 | -2,575 | 134,201 | -11,782 |
| 1993 | 3,287,348 | -3,485 | 135,295 | -9,390 |
| 1992 | 3,241,576 | -2,609 | 132,417 | -7,502 |
| 1991 | 3,288,791 | 3,096 | 129,523 | -5,390 |
| 1990 | 3,250,906 | 11,539 | 125,297 | -3,100 |
| 1989 | 3,316,792 | 19,905 | 121,044 | -1,272 |
| 1988 | 3,331,242 | 25,383 | 117,050 | -80 |
| 1987 | 3,304,520 | 26,705 | 113,005 | 0 |
| 1986 | 3,309,905 | 30,988 | 109,266 | -475 |
| 1985 | 3,419,412 | 37,451 | 106,047 | -1,376 |
| 1984 | 3,549,570 | 43,693 | 102,318 | -2,698 |
| 1983 | 3,558,949 | 47,375 | 98,178 | -4,108 |
| 1982 | 3,545,504 | 46,792 | 94,058 | -6,184 |
| 1981 | 3,497,244 | 44,710 | 89,963 | -11,061 |
| 1980 | 3,484,846 | 42,254 | 86,548 | -17,339 |
| 1979 | 3,460,621 | 43,900 | 82,852 | -23,317 |
| 1978 | 3,412,980 | 45,911 | 80,604 | -27,208 |
| 1977 | 3,334,779 | 45,610 | 79,149 | -26,908 |
| 1976 | 3,291,479 | 48,010 | 77,575 | -21,738 |
| 1975 | 3,263,794 | 56,386 | 76,725 | -13,858 |
| 1974 | 3,196,136 | 61,188 | 74,652 | -6,000 |
| 1973 | 3,210,643 | 64,991 | 70,513 | -774 |
| 1972 | 3,149,726 | 72,007 | 68,095 | 0 |
| 1971 | 3,111,304 | 79,264 | 65,959 | 0 |
| 1970 | 3,080,421 | 81,368 | 63,896 | 0 |
| 1969 | 3,034,825 | 82,955 | 61,595 | 0 |
| 1968 | 2,961,608 | 55,731 | 59,567 | 0 |
| 1967 | 2,909,981 | -80,138 | 57,763 | 0 |
| 1966 | 2,715,011 | -77,645 | 55,494 | 0 |
| 1965 | 2,278,891 | -61,145 | 54,268 | 0 |
| 1964 | 2,700,138 | 144,819 | 52,482 | 0 |
| 1963 | 2,609,526 | 110,166 | 51,056 | 0 |
| 1962 | 2,525,163 | 106,264 | 51,244 | 0 |
| 1961 | 2,434,113 | 103,628 | 48,992 | 0 |
| 1960 | 2,350,971 | 101,631 | 47,575 | 0 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/indonesia/laos | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 98.8% of the population change in Indonesia is from natural causes (a gain of 24,548,978 people) and 1.17% is from migration (a loss of 290,739 people). In Laos 91.7% is from natural causes (a gain of 1,179,484 people) and 8.27% is from migration (a loss of 106,302 people).
As of 2024, 445,726 residents or 0.2% of the population were not native-born in Indonesia, compared to 51,446 people or 0.7% in Laos.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between Indonesia and Laos
|
Indonesia
|
Laos
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 71.6 years | 69.7 years |
| Average age | 33.1 years | 28.6 years |
| Median age | 31.4 years | 26 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.2:49.8 | 50.2:49.8 |
| Fertility rate | 2.12 births per woman | 2.4 births per woman |
| Population density | 394 ppl/mi² | 89.5 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/indonesia/laos | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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