The latest officially reported population of the Solomon Islands was 838,645 in 2025 vs 64,747,319 people in South Africa in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Solomon Islands' population is 868,694 people compared to 65,829,368 in South Africa.
Population statistics:
- South Africa's population is 75.8 times bigger than the Solomon Islands'.
- The Solomon Islands is ranked the 161st most populous country in the world, while South Africa is the 24th.
- The countries together account for 0.8% of the world: 0.01% for the Solomon Islands vs 0.79% for South Africa.
- For the last 10 years, the Solomon Islands has had an average growth rate of +2.83% per year vs +1.4% in South Africa.
- Since 2006, the population of the Solomon Islands has increased from 492K people to 869K (76.7% growth), while South Africa has grown from 50M to 65.8M (31.7% growth).
Solomon Islands vs South Africa: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Solomon Islands
|
South Africa
|
|
| 2100 | 1,869,132 | 94,734,082 |
| 2099 | 1,865,051 | 94,523,360 |
| 2098 | 1,860,822 | 94,316,049 |
| 2097 | 1,856,197 | 94,125,043 |
| 2096 | 1,851,361 | 93,927,246 |
| 2095 | 1,846,006 | 93,719,451 |
| 2094 | 1,840,576 | 93,494,697 |
| 2093 | 1,834,659 | 93,267,274 |
| 2092 | 1,828,323 | 93,041,793 |
| 2091 | 1,821,781 | 92,793,249 |
| 2090 | 1,814,933 | 92,561,159 |
| 2089 | 1,807,885 | 92,322,396 |
| 2088 | 1,800,523 | 92,080,212 |
| 2087 | 1,792,919 | 91,833,409 |
| 2086 | 1,784,993 | 91,581,639 |
| 2085 | 1,776,798 | 91,352,906 |
| 2084 | 1,768,230 | 91,106,961 |
| 2083 | 1,759,388 | 90,845,161 |
| 2082 | 1,750,221 | 90,583,188 |
| 2081 | 1,740,741 | 90,313,417 |
| 2080 | 1,730,900 | 90,039,857 |
| 2079 | 1,720,938 | 89,770,116 |
| 2078 | 1,710,578 | 89,494,440 |
| 2077 | 1,699,838 | 89,217,520 |
| 2076 | 1,688,671 | 88,954,522 |
| 2075 | 1,677,384 | 88,681,719 |
| 2074 | 1,665,984 | 88,397,221 |
| 2073 | 1,654,063 | 88,118,589 |
| 2072 | 1,641,845 | 87,835,051 |
| 2071 | 1,629,270 | 87,509,098 |
| 2070 | 1,616,540 | 87,178,463 |
| 2069 | 1,603,485 | 86,870,660 |
| 2068 | 1,590,112 | 86,558,000 |
| 2067 | 1,576,525 | 86,237,764 |
| 2066 | 1,562,815 | 85,904,801 |
| 2065 | 1,548,873 | 85,573,984 |
| 2064 | 1,534,676 | 85,214,686 |
| 2063 | 1,520,167 | 84,845,370 |
| 2062 | 1,505,610 | 84,473,236 |
| 2061 | 1,490,754 | 84,103,016 |
| 2060 | 1,475,849 | 83,719,266 |
| 2059 | 1,460,639 | 83,325,330 |
| 2058 | 1,445,210 | 82,918,226 |
| 2057 | 1,429,794 | 82,508,742 |
| 2056 | 1,414,149 | 82,098,320 |
| 2055 | 1,398,271 | 81,669,191 |
| 2054 | 1,382,259 | 81,227,019 |
| 2053 | 1,366,025 | 80,789,939 |
| 2052 | 1,349,539 | 80,338,877 |
| 2051 | 1,332,975 | 79,858,310 |
| 2050 | 1,316,163 | 79,383,784 |
| 2049 | 1,299,210 | 78,897,472 |
| 2048 | 1,282,103 | 78,409,829 |
| 2047 | 1,264,854 | 77,894,547 |
| 2046 | 1,247,457 | 77,369,819 |
| 2045 | 1,229,853 | 76,852,544 |
| 2044 | 1,212,131 | 76,330,046 |
| 2043 | 1,194,206 | 75,800,788 |
| 2042 | 1,176,128 | 75,264,885 |
| 2041 | 1,158,032 | 74,721,871 |
| 2040 | 1,139,694 | 74,179,185 |
| 2039 | 1,120,879 | 73,636,894 |
| 2038 | 1,101,654 | 73,079,976 |
| 2037 | 1,082,017 | 72,506,991 |
| 2036 | 1,062,068 | 71,930,701 |
| 2035 | 1,041,799 | 71,337,219 |
| 2034 | 1,021,368 | 70,737,692 |
| 2033 | 1,000,876 | 70,128,299 |
| 2032 | 980,211 | 69,502,726 |
| 2031 | 959,672 | 68,865,544 |
| 2030 | 939,186 | 68,221,143 |
| 2029 | 918,810 | 67,549,189 |
| 2028 | 898,552 | 66,860,631 |
| 2027 | 878,392 | 66,166,759 |
| 2026 | 858,453 | 65,473,024 |
| 2025 | 838,645 | 64,747,319 |
| 2024 | 819,198 | 64,007,187 |
| 2023 | 800,005 | 63,212,384 |
| 2022 | 781,066 | 62,378,410 |
| 2021 | 762,591 | 61,502,603 |
| 2020 | 744,498 | 60,562,381 |
| 2019 | 728,147 | 59,587,885 |
| 2018 | 709,101 | 58,613,001 |
| 2017 | 685,672 | 57,635,162 |
| 2016 | 662,379 | 57,259,551 |
| 2015 | 639,415 | 56,723,537 |
| 2014 | 616,908 | 55,594,838 |
| 2013 | 594,945 | 54,678,791 |
| 2012 | 573,606 | 53,782,567 |
| 2011 | 552,945 | 52,995,205 |
| 2010 | 532,968 | 52,344,051 |
| 2009 | 518,141 | 51,728,516 |
| 2008 | 508,790 | 51,114,599 |
| 2007 | 500,156 | 50,528,584 |
| 2006 | 491,594 | 49,998,277 |
| 2005 | 483,080 | 49,490,033 |
| 2004 | 474,611 | 48,991,421 |
| 2003 | 466,154 | 48,500,348 |
| 2002 | 457,671 | 48,019,415 |
| 2001 | 449,125 | 47,566,800 |
| 2000 | 440,469 | 47,159,719 |
| 1999 | 430,500 | 46,730,335 |
| 1998 | 419,071 | 46,223,880 |
| 1997 | 407,474 | 45,666,838 |
| 1996 | 396,009 | 45,123,018 |
| 1995 | 384,733 | 44,541,554 |
| 1994 | 373,675 | 44,004,139 |
| 1993 | 362,839 | 43,297,156 |
| 1992 | 352,205 | 42,443,509 |
| 1991 | 341,738 | 41,687,898 |
| 1990 | 331,435 | 40,746,268 |
| 1989 | 321,282 | 39,628,575 |
| 1988 | 311,265 | 38,480,649 |
| 1987 | 301,414 | 37,326,190 |
| 1986 | 291,842 | 36,180,515 |
| 1985 | 282,455 | 35,042,093 |
| 1984 | 273,163 | 33,892,788 |
| 1983 | 264,068 | 32,739,304 |
| 1982 | 255,200 | 31,615,339 |
| 1981 | 246,555 | 30,541,044 |
| 1980 | 238,135 | 29,518,857 |
| 1979 | 229,953 | 28,634,162 |
| 1978 | 222,029 | 27,869,507 |
| 1977 | 214,418 | 27,118,952 |
| 1976 | 207,194 | 26,395,450 |
| 1975 | 200,744 | 25,690,940 |
| 1974 | 195,041 | 24,989,108 |
| 1973 | 189,774 | 24,294,263 |
| 1972 | 184,994 | 23,609,456 |
| 1971 | 180,637 | 22,942,143 |
| 1970 | 176,579 | 22,279,984 |
| 1969 | 172,476 | 21,614,676 |
| 1968 | 168,282 | 20,957,287 |
| 1967 | 164,245 | 20,314,066 |
| 1966 | 160,393 | 19,690,087 |
| 1965 | 156,686 | 19,089,380 |
| 1964 | 153,085 | 18,511,361 |
| 1963 | 149,589 | 17,954,564 |
| 1962 | 146,201 | 17,418,522 |
| 1961 | 142,912 | 16,908,035 |
| 1960 | 139,688 | 16,440,172 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/solomon-islands/south-africa | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of the Solomon Islands increased by 170,785 people (a 34.7% growth), while South Africa gained 7,261,274 people (a 14.5% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, the Solomon Islands gained 206,315 people (a 31.1% growth), while South Africa's population increased by 8,569,817 people (a 15% growth).
The Solomon Islands was ranked 165th most populous country in 2006 and is 161st in 2026. South Africa was ranked 24th in 2006 and still ranked 24th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) the Solomon Islands' population will grow by 51.5% to 1,316,163 people with a rank change from 161st to 156th. The population of South Africa will increase by 20.6% to 79,383,784 people and rank change from 24th to 23rd.
The Solomon Islands is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 1.87M people compared to the peak of 94.7M people in 2100 for South Africa.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Solomon Islands
|
South Africa
|
|
| 2100 | 0.22% | 0.22% |
| 2099 | 0.23% | 0.22% |
| 2098 | 0.25% | 0.2% |
| 2097 | 0.26% | 0.21% |
| 2096 | 0.29% | 0.22% |
| 2095 | 0.29% | 0.24% |
| 2094 | 0.32% | 0.24% |
| 2093 | 0.35% | 0.24% |
| 2092 | 0.36% | 0.27% |
| 2091 | 0.38% | 0.25% |
| 2090 | 0.39% | 0.26% |
| 2089 | 0.41% | 0.26% |
| 2088 | 0.42% | 0.27% |
| 2087 | 0.44% | 0.27% |
| 2086 | 0.46% | 0.25% |
| 2085 | 0.48% | 0.27% |
| 2084 | 0.5% | 0.29% |
| 2083 | 0.52% | 0.29% |
| 2082 | 0.54% | 0.3% |
| 2081 | 0.57% | 0.3% |
| 2080 | 0.58% | 0.3% |
| 2079 | 0.61% | 0.31% |
| 2078 | 0.63% | 0.31% |
| 2077 | 0.66% | 0.3% |
| 2076 | 0.67% | 0.31% |
| 2075 | 0.68% | 0.32% |
| 2074 | 0.72% | 0.32% |
| 2073 | 0.74% | 0.32% |
| 2072 | 0.77% | 0.37% |
| 2071 | 0.79% | 0.38% |
| 2070 | 0.81% | 0.35% |
| 2069 | 0.84% | 0.36% |
| 2068 | 0.86% | 0.37% |
| 2067 | 0.88% | 0.39% |
| 2066 | 0.9% | 0.39% |
| 2065 | 0.93% | 0.42% |
| 2064 | 0.95% | 0.44% |
| 2063 | 0.97% | 0.44% |
| 2062 | 1% | 0.44% |
| 2061 | 1.01% | 0.46% |
| 2060 | 1.04% | 0.47% |
| 2059 | 1.07% | 0.49% |
| 2058 | 1.08% | 0.5% |
| 2057 | 1.11% | 0.5% |
| 2056 | 1.14% | 0.53% |
| 2055 | 1.16% | 0.54% |
| 2054 | 1.19% | 0.54% |
| 2053 | 1.22% | 0.56% |
| 2052 | 1.24% | 0.6% |
| 2051 | 1.28% | 0.6% |
| 2050 | 1.3% | 0.62% |
| 2049 | 1.33% | 0.62% |
| 2048 | 1.36% | 0.66% |
| 2047 | 1.39% | 0.68% |
| 2046 | 1.43% | 0.67% |
| 2045 | 1.46% | 0.68% |
| 2044 | 1.5% | 0.7% |
| 2043 | 1.54% | 0.71% |
| 2042 | 1.56% | 0.73% |
| 2041 | 1.61% | 0.73% |
| 2040 | 1.68% | 0.74% |
| 2039 | 1.75% | 0.76% |
| 2038 | 1.81% | 0.79% |
| 2037 | 1.88% | 0.8% |
| 2036 | 1.95% | 0.83% |
| 2035 | 2% | 0.85% |
| 2034 | 2.05% | 0.87% |
| 2033 | 2.11% | 0.9% |
| 2032 | 2.14% | 0.93% |
| 2031 | 2.18% | 0.94% |
| 2030 | 2.22% | 0.99% |
| 2029 | 2.25% | 1.03% |
| 2028 | 2.3% | 1.05% |
| 2027 | 2.32% | 1.06% |
| 2026 | 2.36% | 1.12% |
| 2025 | 2.37% | 1.16% |
| 2024 | 2.4% | 1.26% |
| 2023 | 2.42% | 1.34% |
| 2022 | 2.42% | 1.42% |
| 2021 | 2.43% | 1.55% |
| 2020 | 2.25% | 1.64% |
| 2019 | 2.69% | 1.66% |
| 2018 | 3.42% | 1.7% |
| 2017 | 3.52% | 0.66% |
| 2016 | 3.59% | 0.94% |
| 2015 | 3.65% | 2.03% |
| 2014 | 3.69% | 1.68% |
| 2013 | 3.72% | 1.67% |
| 2012 | 3.74% | 1.49% |
| 2011 | 3.75% | 1.24% |
| 2010 | 2.86% | 1.19% |
| 2009 | 1.84% | 1.2% |
| 2008 | 1.73% | 1.16% |
| 2007 | 1.74% | 1.06% |
| 2006 | 1.76% | 1.03% |
| 2005 | 1.78% | 1.02% |
| 2004 | 1.81% | 1.01% |
| 2003 | 1.85% | 1% |
| 2002 | 1.9% | 0.95% |
| 2001 | 1.97% | 0.86% |
| 2000 | 2.32% | 0.92% |
| 1999 | 2.73% | 1.1% |
| 1998 | 2.85% | 1.22% |
| 1997 | 2.9% | 1.21% |
| 1996 | 2.93% | 1.31% |
| 1995 | 2.96% | 1.22% |
| 1994 | 2.99% | 1.63% |
| 1993 | 3.02% | 2.01% |
| 1992 | 3.06% | 1.81% |
| 1991 | 3.11% | 2.31% |
| 1990 | 3.16% | 2.82% |
| 1989 | 3.22% | 2.98% |
| 1988 | 3.27% | 3.09% |
| 1987 | 3.28% | 3.17% |
| 1986 | 3.32% | 3.25% |
| 1985 | 3.4% | 3.39% |
| 1984 | 3.44% | 3.52% |
| 1983 | 3.47% | 3.56% |
| 1982 | 3.51% | 3.52% |
| 1981 | 3.54% | 3.46% |
| 1980 | 3.56% | 3.09% |
| 1979 | 3.57% | 2.74% |
| 1978 | 3.55% | 2.77% |
| 1977 | 3.49% | 2.74% |
| 1976 | 3.21% | 2.74% |
| 1975 | 2.92% | 2.81% |
| 1974 | 2.78% | 2.86% |
| 1973 | 2.58% | 2.9% |
| 1972 | 2.41% | 2.91% |
| 1971 | 2.3% | 2.97% |
| 1970 | 2.38% | 3.08% |
| 1969 | 2.49% | 3.14% |
| 1968 | 2.46% | 3.17% |
| 1967 | 2.4% | 3.17% |
| 1966 | 2.37% | 3.15% |
| 1965 | 2.35% | 3.12% |
| 1964 | 2.34% | 3.1% |
| 1963 | 2.32% | 3.08% |
| 1962 | 2.3% | 3.02% |
| 1961 | 2.31% | 2.85% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/solomon-islands/south-africa | CC BY
In 2025, the population of the Solomon Islands grew by 2.37%, while South Africa's population grew by 1.16%.
Live population counters
|
Solomon Islands
|
South Africa
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
868694
|
65829368
|
| Population rank | 161/197 | 24/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.01% | 0.79% |
| One net population change |
27.1 minutes
|
42.7 seconds
|
| One birth every |
24 minutes
|
26.7 seconds
|
| One death every |
2.1 hours
|
53.3 seconds
|
| Daily growth/decline | +53 | +2,028 |
| Annual growth/decline | +19,447 | +740,132 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.37% | +1.16% |
| Population growth rate rank | 32/197 | 91/197 |
| One migration net change every |
5.39 hours
|
3.6 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | +1,631 | +146,370 |
| Net migration rank | 59/196 | 9/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 2,469 | 2,631,100 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 192/195 | 28/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.3% | 4.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 184/195 | 105/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Solomon Islands
|
South Africa
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 1,631 | - | 146,370 |
| 2024 | 17,715 | 1,610 | 591,618 | 166,972 |
| 2023 | 17,436 | 1,636 | 602,793 | 228,222 |
| 2022 | 17,253 | 1,567 | 603,636 | 233,284 |
| 2021 | 16,626 | 1,499 | 456,411 | 458,246 |
| 2020 | 16,488 | 1,556 | 595,873 | 369,901 |
| 2019 | 16,649 | -1,990 | 652,130 | 331,124 |
| 2018 | 16,790 | 6,653 | 648,319 | 318,260 |
| 2017 | 16,897 | 6,513 | 645,975 | 343,146 |
| 2016 | 17,027 | 6,146 | 641,365 | -879,235 |
| 2015 | 16,909 | 5,853 | 668,771 | 641,150 |
| 2014 | 16,652 | 5,598 | 674,754 | 272,697 |
| 2013 | 16,038 | 5,631 | 652,427 | 232,230 |
| 2012 | 15,585 | 5,420 | 643,723 | 264,091 |
| 2011 | 15,095 | 5,219 | 601,708 | 65,166 |
| 2010 | 14,604 | 5,040 | 566,834 | 68,563 |
| 2009 | 14,381 | -4,360 | 554,115 | 41,528 |
| 2008 | 14,225 | -5,538 | 595,332 | 36,869 |
| 2007 | 13,963 | -5,383 | 503,567 | 36,339 |
| 2006 | 13,799 | -5,262 | 487,584 | 33,159 |
| 2005 | 13,568 | -5,082 | 464,464 | 31,286 |
| 2004 | 13,444 | -4,985 | 442,540 | 58,924 |
| 2003 | 13,344 | -4,881 | 415,018 | 65,604 |
| 2002 | 13,195 | -4,691 | 430,926 | 50,313 |
| 2001 | 13,061 | -4,474 | 484,801 | -60,793 |
| 2000 | 12,938 | -4,219 | 526,963 | -136,794 |
| 1999 | 12,809 | -1,588 | 594,643 | -126,011 |
| 1998 | 12,658 | -1,019 | 627,027 | -82,722 |
| 1997 | 12,478 | -931 | 667,969 | -98,181 |
| 1996 | 12,328 | -947 | 710,868 | -193,007 |
| 1995 | 12,124 | -952 | 743,488 | -98,403 |
| 1994 | 11,771 | -828 | 698,609 | -268,849 |
| 1993 | 11,396 | -665 | 789,220 | 194,977 |
| 1992 | 11,029 | -482 | 794,415 | -71,342 |
| 1991 | 10,789 | -410 | 827,296 | -39,131 |
| 1990 | 10,561 | -335 | 835,421 | 259,718 |
| 1989 | 10,354 | -270 | 884,629 | 255,605 |
| 1988 | 10,142 | -197 | 909,221 | 246,382 |
| 1987 | 9,943 | -179 | 922,330 | 231,009 |
| 1986 | 9,656 | -269 | 903,644 | 234,378 |
| 1985 | 9,534 | -150 | 893,889 | 244,940 |
| 1984 | 9,299 | -102 | 869,011 | 290,789 |
| 1983 | 9,011 | -30 | 837,013 | 310,172 |
| 1982 | 8,720 | 40 | 807,550 | 293,195 |
| 1981 | 8,436 | 99 | 767,833 | 279,985 |
| 1980 | 8,156 | 151 | 738,415 | 258,127 |
| 1979 | 7,874 | 188 | 716,541 | 56,323 |
| 1978 | 7,598 | 174 | 694,341 | 62,121 |
| 1977 | 7,290 | 159 | 680,929 | 63,739 |
| 1976 | 7,058 | -48 | 675,011 | 27,333 |
| 1975 | 6,635 | -760 | 667,862 | 38,809 |
| 1974 | 6,612 | -1,084 | 658,438 | 38,518 |
| 1973 | 6,343 | -1,329 | 651,596 | 41,125 |
| 1972 | 6,074 | -1,520 | 638,754 | 38,163 |
| 1971 | 5,814 | -1,646 | 624,761 | 32,961 |
| 1970 | 5,575 | -1,632 | 605,102 | 61,514 |
| 1969 | 5,444 | -1,187 | 590,794 | 73,225 |
| 1968 | 5,285 | -1,154 | 571,841 | 78,932 |
| 1967 | 5,151 | -1,213 | 553,741 | 81,932 |
| 1966 | 5,028 | -1,256 | 534,862 | 77,417 |
| 1965 | 4,885 | -1,237 | 506,632 | 82,514 |
| 1964 | 4,747 | -1,200 | 490,606 | 76,298 |
| 1963 | 4,571 | -1,129 | 473,821 | 72,844 |
| 1962 | 4,408 | -1,073 | 455,634 | 69,771 |
| 1961 | 4,257 | -1,016 | 437,851 | 57,728 |
| 1960 | 4,119 | -917 | 421,263 | 18,891 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/solomon-islands/south-africa | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 84.5% of the population change in the Solomon Islands is from natural causes (a gain of 169,790 people) and 15.5% is from migration (a gain of 31,043 people). In South Africa 73.4% is from natural causes (a gain of 6,106,891 people) and 26.6% is from migration (a gain of 2,211,070 people).
As of 2024, 2,469 residents or 0.3% of the population were not native-born in the Solomon Islands, compared to 2,631,100 people or 4.1% in South Africa.
Biggest cities by population
|
Solomon Islands
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Honiara | 84.5K |
| Auki | 6.81K |
|
South Africa
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Johannesburg | 4.8M |
| Cape Town | 3.78M |
| Soweto | 1.27M |
| Pretoria | 742K |
| Pietermaritzburg | 619K |
| Durban | 595K |
| Rustenburg | 550K |
| Randburg | 337K |
| Port Elizabeth | 312K |
| East London | 267K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between the Solomon Islands and South Africa
|
Solomon Islands
|
South Africa
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 71 years | 66.7 years |
| Average age | 25.7 years | 31.3 years |
| Median age | 21.8 years | 29.7 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 51.1:48.9 | 48.7:51.3 |
| Fertility rate | 3.51 births per woman | 2.21 births per woman |
| Population density | 79.4 ppl/mi² | 139.8 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/solomon-islands/south-africa | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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