The latest officially reported population of Iran was 92,417,681 in 2025 vs 85,878,556 people in Turkey in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Iran's population is 93,580,141 people compared to 86,225,430 in Turkey.
Population statistics:
- Iran's population is 1.09 times bigger than Turkey's.
- Iran is ranked the 17th most populous country in the world, while Turkey is the 18th.
- The countries together account for 2.16% of the world: 1.13% for Iran vs 1.04% for Turkey.
- For the last 10 years, Iran has had an average growth rate of +1.15% per year vs +0.98% in Turkey.
- Since 2006, the population of Iran has increased from 73.4M people to 93.6M (27.5% growth), while Turkey has grown from 70M to 86.2M (23.1% growth).
Iran vs Turkey: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Iran
|
Turkey
|
|
| 2100 | 80,660,972 | 64,394,191 |
| 2099 | 81,193,582 | 65,045,868 |
| 2098 | 81,717,474 | 65,690,351 |
| 2097 | 82,241,892 | 66,342,622 |
| 2096 | 82,764,411 | 66,990,674 |
| 2095 | 83,283,942 | 67,642,188 |
| 2094 | 83,799,806 | 68,296,562 |
| 2093 | 84,316,389 | 68,963,773 |
| 2092 | 84,833,108 | 69,625,957 |
| 2091 | 85,354,240 | 70,290,255 |
| 2090 | 85,878,473 | 70,960,483 |
| 2089 | 86,409,859 | 71,623,547 |
| 2088 | 86,947,263 | 72,281,102 |
| 2087 | 87,492,427 | 72,928,397 |
| 2086 | 88,047,949 | 73,576,610 |
| 2085 | 88,610,339 | 74,223,570 |
| 2084 | 89,181,346 | 74,853,312 |
| 2083 | 89,758,453 | 75,483,067 |
| 2082 | 90,343,413 | 76,111,533 |
| 2081 | 90,936,310 | 76,726,689 |
| 2080 | 91,535,218 | 77,339,541 |
| 2079 | 92,136,544 | 77,938,889 |
| 2078 | 92,740,467 | 78,532,577 |
| 2077 | 93,344,865 | 79,120,573 |
| 2076 | 93,946,187 | 79,705,459 |
| 2075 | 94,544,733 | 80,277,544 |
| 2074 | 95,135,317 | 80,848,141 |
| 2073 | 95,721,351 | 81,396,237 |
| 2072 | 96,292,835 | 81,938,080 |
| 2071 | 96,851,951 | 82,465,112 |
| 2070 | 97,397,073 | 82,981,973 |
| 2069 | 97,924,812 | 83,480,362 |
| 2068 | 98,432,509 | 83,963,140 |
| 2067 | 98,913,776 | 84,428,242 |
| 2066 | 99,374,357 | 84,886,666 |
| 2065 | 99,812,137 | 85,336,225 |
| 2064 | 100,223,387 | 85,771,285 |
| 2063 | 100,602,361 | 86,187,013 |
| 2062 | 100,951,282 | 86,587,114 |
| 2061 | 101,266,537 | 86,962,577 |
| 2060 | 101,545,806 | 87,319,314 |
| 2059 | 101,792,315 | 87,663,392 |
| 2058 | 101,994,395 | 87,973,789 |
| 2057 | 102,161,227 | 88,264,809 |
| 2056 | 102,291,323 | 88,534,755 |
| 2055 | 102,382,089 | 88,764,080 |
| 2054 | 102,431,558 | 88,972,362 |
| 2053 | 102,441,204 | 89,151,673 |
| 2052 | 102,413,350 | 89,310,785 |
| 2051 | 102,350,865 | 89,437,110 |
| 2050 | 102,251,999 | 89,541,520 |
| 2049 | 102,122,983 | 89,614,107 |
| 2048 | 101,957,508 | 89,651,068 |
| 2047 | 101,765,614 | 89,659,415 |
| 2046 | 101,547,098 | 89,634,354 |
| 2045 | 101,305,486 | 89,608,012 |
| 2044 | 101,038,874 | 89,557,421 |
| 2043 | 100,752,109 | 89,493,042 |
| 2042 | 100,446,296 | 89,404,193 |
| 2041 | 100,122,690 | 89,303,546 |
| 2040 | 99,784,572 | 89,187,952 |
| 2039 | 99,436,793 | 89,051,669 |
| 2038 | 99,072,548 | 88,901,719 |
| 2037 | 98,694,577 | 88,727,471 |
| 2036 | 98,302,279 | 88,537,927 |
| 2035 | 97,899,013 | 88,343,153 |
| 2034 | 97,482,352 | 88,139,515 |
| 2033 | 97,054,589 | 87,918,397 |
| 2032 | 96,608,216 | 87,687,495 |
| 2031 | 96,141,200 | 87,437,150 |
| 2030 | 95,656,003 | 87,166,904 |
| 2029 | 95,133,736 | 86,903,490 |
| 2028 | 94,561,150 | 86,627,469 |
| 2027 | 93,925,792 | 86,350,539 |
| 2026 | 93,215,072 | 86,093,293 |
| 2025 | 92,417,681 | 85,878,556 |
| 2024 | 91,567,738 | 85,518,661 |
| 2023 | 90,608,707 | 85,325,965 |
| 2022 | 89,524,246 | 84,979,913 |
| 2021 | 88,455,488 | 84,147,318 |
| 2020 | 87,723,443 | 83,384,680 |
| 2019 | 87,051,648 | 82,579,440 |
| 2018 | 86,117,998 | 81,407,204 |
| 2017 | 85,026,754 | 80,312,698 |
| 2016 | 83,812,228 | 79,277,962 |
| 2015 | 82,619,362 | 78,218,479 |
| 2014 | 81,502,045 | 77,181,884 |
| 2013 | 80,414,686 | 76,147,624 |
| 2012 | 79,370,580 | 75,175,827 |
| 2011 | 78,383,598 | 74,223,629 |
| 2010 | 77,420,842 | 73,142,150 |
| 2009 | 76,457,825 | 72,039,206 |
| 2008 | 75,514,204 | 71,051,678 |
| 2007 | 74,602,648 | 70,158,112 |
| 2006 | 73,392,747 | 70,045,349 |
| 2005 | 71,828,455 | 69,329,557 |
| 2004 | 70,256,316 | 68,592,617 |
| 2003 | 68,769,340 | 67,831,730 |
| 2002 | 68,011,317 | 67,048,795 |
| 2001 | 67,452,005 | 66,245,128 |
| 2000 | 66,418,659 | 65,425,961 |
| 1999 | 65,445,391 | 64,591,923 |
| 1998 | 64,519,859 | 63,734,383 |
| 1997 | 63,639,638 | 62,852,966 |
| 1996 | 62,881,300 | 61,951,134 |
| 1995 | 62,205,567 | 61,024,503 |
| 1994 | 61,520,598 | 60,033,836 |
| 1993 | 61,403,543 | 58,999,167 |
| 1992 | 61,184,983 | 57,990,118 |
| 1991 | 59,986,931 | 57,009,887 |
| 1990 | 58,380,092 | 56,015,628 |
| 1989 | 56,704,914 | 54,976,723 |
| 1988 | 55,072,694 | 53,909,626 |
| 1987 | 53,323,493 | 52,843,670 |
| 1986 | 51,446,045 | 51,777,772 |
| 1985 | 49,582,289 | 50,687,115 |
| 1984 | 47,793,998 | 49,574,069 |
| 1983 | 46,029,535 | 48,447,410 |
| 1982 | 44,272,141 | 47,322,096 |
| 1981 | 41,989,312 | 46,321,190 |
| 1980 | 39,842,324 | 45,408,815 |
| 1979 | 38,424,952 | 44,510,429 |
| 1978 | 37,126,535 | 43,645,306 |
| 1977 | 35,933,181 | 42,773,298 |
| 1976 | 34,837,271 | 41,899,984 |
| 1975 | 33,802,973 | 41,053,126 |
| 1974 | 32,796,463 | 40,210,234 |
| 1973 | 31,839,838 | 39,329,533 |
| 1972 | 30,921,179 | 38,430,221 |
| 1971 | 30,029,071 | 37,518,611 |
| 1970 | 29,145,100 | 36,638,465 |
| 1969 | 28,273,482 | 35,787,774 |
| 1968 | 27,437,391 | 34,921,684 |
| 1967 | 26,628,432 | 34,050,421 |
| 1966 | 25,829,270 | 33,177,672 |
| 1965 | 25,036,978 | 32,345,220 |
| 1964 | 24,262,859 | 31,543,072 |
| 1963 | 23,519,005 | 30,726,841 |
| 1962 | 22,807,907 | 29,916,147 |
| 1961 | 22,125,726 | 29,119,238 |
| 1960 | 21,470,434 | 28,329,898 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/iran/turkey | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Iran increased by 10,419,481 people (a 14.2% growth), while Turkey gained 9,232,613 people (a 13.2% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Iran gained 9,767,913 people (a 11.7% growth), while Turkey's population increased by 6,947,468 people (a 8.76% growth).
Iran was ranked 17th most populous country in 2006 and is still 17th in 2026. Turkey was ranked 18th in 2006 and still ranked 18th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Iran's population will grow by 9.27% to 102,251,999 people with a rank change from 17th to 18th. The population of Turkey will increase by 3.85% to 89,541,520 people and rank change from 18th to 19th.
Iran is projected to reach its peak in 2053 at 102M people compared to the peak of 89.7M people in 2047 for Turkey.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Iran
|
Turkey
|
|
| 2100 | -0.66% | -1% |
| 2099 | -0.64% | -0.98% |
| 2098 | -0.64% | -0.98% |
| 2097 | -0.63% | -0.97% |
| 2096 | -0.62% | -0.96% |
| 2095 | -0.62% | -0.96% |
| 2094 | -0.61% | -0.97% |
| 2093 | -0.61% | -0.95% |
| 2092 | -0.61% | -0.95% |
| 2091 | -0.61% | -0.94% |
| 2090 | -0.61% | -0.93% |
| 2089 | -0.62% | -0.91% |
| 2088 | -0.62% | -0.89% |
| 2087 | -0.63% | -0.88% |
| 2086 | -0.63% | -0.87% |
| 2085 | -0.64% | -0.84% |
| 2084 | -0.64% | -0.83% |
| 2083 | -0.65% | -0.83% |
| 2082 | -0.65% | -0.8% |
| 2081 | -0.65% | -0.79% |
| 2080 | -0.65% | -0.77% |
| 2079 | -0.65% | -0.76% |
| 2078 | -0.65% | -0.74% |
| 2077 | -0.64% | -0.73% |
| 2076 | -0.63% | -0.71% |
| 2075 | -0.62% | -0.71% |
| 2074 | -0.61% | -0.67% |
| 2073 | -0.59% | -0.66% |
| 2072 | -0.58% | -0.64% |
| 2071 | -0.56% | -0.62% |
| 2070 | -0.54% | -0.6% |
| 2069 | -0.52% | -0.57% |
| 2068 | -0.49% | -0.55% |
| 2067 | -0.46% | -0.54% |
| 2066 | -0.44% | -0.53% |
| 2065 | -0.41% | -0.51% |
| 2064 | -0.38% | -0.48% |
| 2063 | -0.35% | -0.46% |
| 2062 | -0.31% | -0.43% |
| 2061 | -0.28% | -0.41% |
| 2060 | -0.24% | -0.39% |
| 2059 | -0.2% | -0.35% |
| 2058 | -0.16% | -0.33% |
| 2057 | -0.13% | -0.3% |
| 2056 | -0.09% | -0.26% |
| 2055 | -0.05% | -0.23% |
| 2054 | -0.009% | -0.2% |
| 2053 | 0.03% | -0.18% |
| 2052 | 0.06% | -0.14% |
| 2051 | 0.1% | -0.12% |
| 2050 | 0.13% | -0.08% |
| 2049 | 0.16% | -0.04% |
| 2048 | 0.19% | -0.009% |
| 2047 | 0.22% | 0.03% |
| 2046 | 0.24% | 0.03% |
| 2045 | 0.26% | 0.06% |
| 2044 | 0.28% | 0.07% |
| 2043 | 0.3% | 0.1% |
| 2042 | 0.32% | 0.11% |
| 2041 | 0.34% | 0.13% |
| 2040 | 0.35% | 0.15% |
| 2039 | 0.37% | 0.17% |
| 2038 | 0.38% | 0.2% |
| 2037 | 0.4% | 0.21% |
| 2036 | 0.41% | 0.22% |
| 2035 | 0.43% | 0.23% |
| 2034 | 0.44% | 0.25% |
| 2033 | 0.46% | 0.26% |
| 2032 | 0.49% | 0.29% |
| 2031 | 0.51% | 0.31% |
| 2030 | 0.55% | 0.3% |
| 2029 | 0.61% | 0.32% |
| 2028 | 0.68% | 0.32% |
| 2027 | 0.76% | 0.3% |
| 2026 | 0.86% | 0.25% |
| 2025 | 0.93% | 0.42% |
| 2024 | 1.06% | 0.23% |
| 2023 | 1.21% | 0.41% |
| 2022 | 1.21% | 0.99% |
| 2021 | 0.83% | 0.91% |
| 2020 | 0.77% | 0.98% |
| 2019 | 1.08% | 1.44% |
| 2018 | 1.28% | 1.36% |
| 2017 | 1.45% | 1.31% |
| 2016 | 1.44% | 1.35% |
| 2015 | 1.37% | 1.34% |
| 2014 | 1.35% | 1.36% |
| 2013 | 1.32% | 1.29% |
| 2012 | 1.26% | 1.28% |
| 2011 | 1.24% | 1.48% |
| 2010 | 1.26% | 1.53% |
| 2009 | 1.25% | 1.39% |
| 2008 | 1.22% | 1.27% |
| 2007 | 1.65% | 0.16% |
| 2006 | 2.18% | 1.03% |
| 2005 | 2.24% | 1.07% |
| 2004 | 2.16% | 1.12% |
| 2003 | 1.11% | 1.17% |
| 2002 | 0.83% | 1.21% |
| 2001 | 1.56% | 1.25% |
| 2000 | 1.49% | 1.29% |
| 1999 | 1.43% | 1.35% |
| 1998 | 1.38% | 1.4% |
| 1997 | 1.21% | 1.46% |
| 1996 | 1.09% | 1.52% |
| 1995 | 1.11% | 1.65% |
| 1994 | 0.19% | 1.75% |
| 1993 | 0.36% | 1.74% |
| 1992 | 2% | 1.72% |
| 1991 | 2.75% | 1.77% |
| 1990 | 2.95% | 1.89% |
| 1989 | 2.96% | 1.98% |
| 1988 | 3.28% | 2.02% |
| 1987 | 3.65% | 2.06% |
| 1986 | 3.76% | 2.15% |
| 1985 | 3.74% | 2.25% |
| 1984 | 3.83% | 2.33% |
| 1983 | 3.97% | 2.38% |
| 1982 | 5.44% | 2.16% |
| 1981 | 5.39% | 2.01% |
| 1980 | 3.69% | 2.02% |
| 1979 | 3.5% | 1.98% |
| 1978 | 3.32% | 2.04% |
| 1977 | 3.15% | 2.08% |
| 1976 | 3.06% | 2.06% |
| 1975 | 3.07% | 2.1% |
| 1974 | 3% | 2.24% |
| 1973 | 2.97% | 2.34% |
| 1972 | 2.97% | 2.43% |
| 1971 | 3.03% | 2.4% |
| 1970 | 3.08% | 2.38% |
| 1969 | 3.05% | 2.48% |
| 1968 | 3.04% | 2.56% |
| 1967 | 3.09% | 2.63% |
| 1966 | 3.16% | 2.57% |
| 1965 | 3.19% | 2.54% |
| 1964 | 3.16% | 2.66% |
| 1963 | 3.12% | 2.71% |
| 1962 | 3.08% | 2.74% |
| 1961 | 3.05% | 2.79% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/iran/turkey | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Iran grew by 0.93%, while Turkey's population grew by 0.42%.
Live population counters
|
Iran
|
Turkey
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
93580141
|
86225430
|
| Population rank | 17/197 | 18/197 |
| Percent of world population | 1.13% | 1.04% |
| One net population change |
37.2 seconds
|
1.46 minutes
|
| One birth every |
27.4 seconds
|
33.5 seconds
|
| One death every |
1.21 minutes
|
1.08 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +2,329 | +986 |
| Annual growth/decline | +849,943 | +359,895 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.93% | +0.42% |
| Population growth rate rank | 103/197 | 138/197 |
| One migration net change every |
4.51 minutes
|
2.04 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | +116,786 | -258,205 |
| Net migration rank | 14/196 | 188/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 3,840,654 | 7,083,501 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 17/195 | 11/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 4.2% | 8.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 103/195 | 75/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Iran
|
Turkey
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 116,786 | - | -258,205 |
| 2024 | 715,785 | 190,156 | 453,249 | -275,952 |
| 2023 | 750,150 | 262,044 | 426,630 | -318,070 |
| 2022 | 753,525 | 403,190 | 535,373 | -301,544 |
| 2021 | 645,725 | 334,967 | 521,713 | 20,283 |
| 2020 | 663,978 | -180,680 | 608,708 | 37,934 |
| 2019 | 893,063 | -32,794 | 751,472 | -15,690 |
| 2018 | 1,035,052 | -27,946 | 830,353 | 187,570 |
| 2017 | 1,140,549 | 34,849 | 875,408 | 659,846 |
| 2016 | 1,186,949 | 66,630 | 895,841 | 352,063 |
| 2015 | 1,178,317 | -46,239 | 930,799 | 1,063,140 |
| 2014 | 1,158,552 | -56,042 | 957,055 | 1,033,384 |
| 2013 | 1,119,533 | -47,322 | 921,386 | 438,618 |
| 2012 | 1,073,804 | -57,823 | 917,145 | 258,623 |
| 2011 | 1,023,925 | -65,924 | 875,839 | 68,849 |
| 2010 | 980,380 | -12,849 | 892,334 | 55,532 |
| 2009 | 958,322 | 211 | 900,491 | 24,276 |
| 2008 | 940,983 | -12,184 | 868,749 | 47,915 |
| 2007 | 919,254 | -24,950 | 876,626 | -186,402 |
| 2006 | 884,529 | 640,932 | 897,351 | -190,194 |
| 2005 | 837,305 | 765,873 | 898,650 | -174,177 |
| 2004 | 801,203 | 739,996 | 896,025 | -146,574 |
| 2003 | 732,600 | 700,222 | 893,683 | -121,383 |
| 2002 | 752,205 | -668,962 | 922,927 | -129,444 |
| 2001 | 743,658 | 291,692 | 980,560 | -166,759 |
| 2000 | 731,203 | 300,133 | 1,020,515 | -195,996 |
| 1999 | 723,237 | 191,988 | 1,063,312 | -219,778 |
| 1998 | 717,655 | 218,171 | 1,103,242 | -231,744 |
| 1997 | 726,574 | 98,009 | 1,099,738 | -208,465 |
| 1996 | 784,508 | -92,435 | 1,091,827 | -179,423 |
| 1995 | 879,648 | -220,258 | 1,090,630 | -149,737 |
| 1994 | 1,008,076 | -297,487 | 1,078,208 | -37,762 |
| 1993 | 1,219,658 | -1,696,091 | 1,064,168 | -35,245 |
| 1992 | 1,365,466 | -451,945 | 1,039,125 | -49,923 |
| 1991 | 1,495,594 | -13,059 | 1,041,229 | -69,982 |
| 1990 | 1,530,434 | 200,711 | 1,044,467 | -27,193 |
| 1989 | 1,609,739 | 9,460 | 1,094,036 | -33,519 |
| 1988 | 1,614,512 | 30,688 | 1,101,266 | -27,659 |
| 1987 | 1,639,644 | 213,524 | 1,099,042 | -40,772 |
| 1986 | 1,659,289 | 242,411 | 1,102,660 | -29,134 |
| 1985 | 1,661,750 | 163,999 | 1,098,846 | 8,960 |
| 1984 | 1,653,051 | 97,748 | 1,096,529 | 21,787 |
| 1983 | 1,573,612 | 204,544 | 1,095,106 | 39,871 |
| 1982 | 1,514,240 | 222,390 | 1,091,863 | 23,728 |
| 1981 | 1,376,830 | 1,452,169 | 1,100,082 | -213,889 |
| 1980 | 1,361,293 | 103,674 | 1,090,538 | -151,969 |
| 1979 | 1,294,306 | 75,451 | 1,076,707 | -218,509 |
| 1978 | 1,156,974 | 70,088 | 1,054,863 | -182,818 |
| 1977 | 1,091,542 | 68,093 | 1,023,779 | -151,825 |
| 1976 | 1,013,347 | 18,825 | 1,009,999 | -135,377 |
| 1975 | 929,481 | 106,921 | 1,012,904 | -193,829 |
| 1974 | 873,369 | 103,252 | 1,020,053 | -153,311 |
| 1973 | 831,880 | 104,779 | 1,025,675 | -130,985 |
| 1972 | 804,043 | 96,614 | 1,023,781 | -119,850 |
| 1971 | 805,830 | 77,717 | 1,014,165 | -94,891 |
| 1970 | 794,612 | 89,757 | 991,950 | -150,924 |
| 1969 | 780,660 | 78,196 | 970,958 | -110,578 |
| 1968 | 743,992 | 69,342 | 950,778 | -78,973 |
| 1967 | 727,276 | 77,313 | 936,727 | -65,993 |
| 1966 | 695,040 | 98,709 | 925,790 | -50,999 |
| 1965 | 663,029 | 127,808 | 904,016 | -113,911 |
| 1964 | 635,589 | 121,817 | 884,152 | -69,978 |
| 1963 | 620,126 | 110,190 | 862,626 | -44,317 |
| 1962 | 595,538 | 96,332 | 837,473 | -34,353 |
| 1961 | 594,674 | 77,811 | 816,911 | -26,187 |
| 1960 | 584,060 | 54,041 | 773,009 | 14,948 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/iran/turkey | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 89.9% of the population change in Iran is from natural causes (a gain of 8,963,093 people) and 10.1% is from migration (a gain of 1,004,177 people). In Turkey 82.9% is from natural causes (a gain of 6,829,546 people) and 17.1% is from migration (a gain of 1,409,580 people).
As of 2024, 3,840,654 residents or 4.2% of the population were not native-born in Iran, compared to 7,083,501 people or 8.1% in Turkey.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between Iran and Turkey
|
Iran
|
Turkey
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 78.2 years | 78.4 years |
| Average age | 34.7 years | 35.7 years |
| Median age | 35 years | 34.5 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.8:49.2 | 49.9:50.1 |
| Fertility rate | 1.68 births per woman | 1.48 births per woman |
| Population density | 148.8 ppl/mi² | 289.7 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/iran/turkey | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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