The latest officially reported population of Egypt was 118,365,995 in 2025 vs 6,111,175 people in Singapore in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Egypt's population is 121,012,163 people compared to 6,167,445 in Singapore.
Population statistics:
- Egypt's population is 19.6 times bigger than Singapore's.
- Egypt is ranked the 13th most populous country in the world, while Singapore is the 113th.
- The countries together account for 1.53% of the world: 1.46% for Egypt vs 0.07% for Singapore.
- For the last 10 years, Egypt has had an average growth rate of +1.78% per year vs +1.04% in Singapore.
- Since 2006, the population of Egypt has increased from 82.7M people to 121M (46.3% growth), while Singapore has grown from 4.4M to 6.17M (40.1% growth).
Egypt vs Singapore: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Egypt
|
Singapore
|
|
| 2100 | 203,337,521 | 4,367,779 |
| 2099 | 203,218,114 | 4,411,412 |
| 2098 | 203,062,591 | 4,459,213 |
| 2097 | 202,889,853 | 4,507,770 |
| 2096 | 202,685,235 | 4,558,553 |
| 2095 | 202,441,274 | 4,610,080 |
| 2094 | 202,165,793 | 4,664,700 |
| 2093 | 201,856,239 | 4,718,168 |
| 2092 | 201,525,341 | 4,771,068 |
| 2091 | 201,163,844 | 4,828,101 |
| 2090 | 200,783,715 | 4,885,895 |
| 2089 | 200,378,346 | 4,946,502 |
| 2088 | 199,940,915 | 5,004,664 |
| 2087 | 199,468,604 | 5,063,944 |
| 2086 | 198,974,783 | 5,124,380 |
| 2085 | 198,457,022 | 5,183,406 |
| 2084 | 197,904,537 | 5,240,616 |
| 2083 | 197,322,086 | 5,298,156 |
| 2082 | 196,711,766 | 5,356,138 |
| 2081 | 196,063,790 | 5,412,770 |
| 2080 | 195,392,263 | 5,467,479 |
| 2079 | 194,673,206 | 5,521,442 |
| 2078 | 193,926,829 | 5,571,799 |
| 2077 | 193,148,518 | 5,619,705 |
| 2076 | 192,332,562 | 5,663,197 |
| 2075 | 191,487,145 | 5,710,629 |
| 2074 | 190,613,099 | 5,756,364 |
| 2073 | 189,713,677 | 5,795,230 |
| 2072 | 188,775,903 | 5,831,071 |
| 2071 | 187,810,038 | 5,864,860 |
| 2070 | 186,818,210 | 5,895,880 |
| 2069 | 185,796,200 | 5,928,650 |
| 2068 | 184,743,675 | 5,959,740 |
| 2067 | 183,667,996 | 5,988,217 |
| 2066 | 182,568,538 | 6,021,266 |
| 2065 | 181,455,486 | 6,052,854 |
| 2064 | 180,302,738 | 6,079,559 |
| 2063 | 179,129,965 | 6,102,106 |
| 2062 | 177,948,157 | 6,126,791 |
| 2061 | 176,746,499 | 6,149,980 |
| 2060 | 175,526,868 | 6,175,566 |
| 2059 | 174,282,938 | 6,196,576 |
| 2058 | 173,021,784 | 6,219,117 |
| 2057 | 171,741,174 | 6,236,905 |
| 2056 | 170,438,073 | 6,255,191 |
| 2055 | 169,114,979 | 6,274,008 |
| 2054 | 167,762,729 | 6,295,405 |
| 2053 | 166,387,264 | 6,311,683 |
| 2052 | 164,980,351 | 6,324,118 |
| 2051 | 163,555,634 | 6,341,435 |
| 2050 | 162,092,482 | 6,359,963 |
| 2049 | 160,596,782 | 6,376,972 |
| 2048 | 159,061,812 | 6,390,246 |
| 2047 | 157,488,020 | 6,408,209 |
| 2046 | 155,881,578 | 6,422,503 |
| 2045 | 154,230,619 | 6,434,477 |
| 2044 | 152,529,288 | 6,447,538 |
| 2043 | 150,790,036 | 6,455,584 |
| 2042 | 149,009,732 | 6,462,372 |
| 2041 | 147,199,258 | 6,468,000 |
| 2040 | 145,373,264 | 6,469,582 |
| 2039 | 143,531,585 | 6,466,204 |
| 2038 | 141,691,401 | 6,457,329 |
| 2037 | 139,850,324 | 6,445,649 |
| 2036 | 138,013,568 | 6,433,599 |
| 2035 | 136,191,405 | 6,417,210 |
| 2034 | 134,368,084 | 6,395,064 |
| 2033 | 132,560,311 | 6,367,864 |
| 2032 | 130,760,579 | 6,340,911 |
| 2031 | 128,968,320 | 6,311,853 |
| 2030 | 127,188,528 | 6,284,466 |
| 2029 | 125,409,684 | 6,254,860 |
| 2028 | 123,633,275 | 6,220,267 |
| 2027 | 121,861,990 | 6,184,266 |
| 2026 | 120,114,593 | 6,149,680 |
| 2025 | 118,365,995 | 6,111,175 |
| 2024 | 116,538,258 | 6,036,860 |
| 2023 | 114,535,772 | 5,917,648 |
| 2022 | 112,618,250 | 5,637,022 |
| 2021 | 110,957,008 | 5,453,566 |
| 2020 | 109,315,124 | 5,685,807 |
| 2019 | 107,553,158 | 5,703,569 |
| 2018 | 105,682,094 | 5,638,676 |
| 2017 | 103,696,057 | 5,612,253 |
| 2016 | 101,644,589 | 5,607,283 |
| 2015 | 99,597,342 | 5,535,002 |
| 2014 | 97,528,654 | 5,469,724 |
| 2013 | 95,333,553 | 5,399,162 |
| 2012 | 93,161,001 | 5,312,437 |
| 2011 | 91,093,059 | 5,183,688 |
| 2010 | 89,196,072 | 5,076,732 |
| 2009 | 87,501,636 | 4,987,573 |
| 2008 | 85,864,789 | 4,839,396 |
| 2007 | 84,276,225 | 4,588,599 |
| 2006 | 82,700,403 | 4,401,365 |
| 2005 | 81,101,004 | 4,265,762 |
| 2004 | 79,477,443 | 4,166,664 |
| 2003 | 77,853,548 | 4,114,826 |
| 2002 | 76,239,137 | 4,175,950 |
| 2001 | 74,652,029 | 4,138,012 |
| 2000 | 73,083,284 | 4,027,887 |
| 1999 | 71,520,954 | 3,958,723 |
| 1998 | 69,943,294 | 3,927,213 |
| 1997 | 68,431,740 | 3,796,038 |
| 1996 | 67,028,048 | 3,670,704 |
| 1995 | 65,652,622 | 3,524,506 |
| 1994 | 64,285,589 | 3,419,048 |
| 1993 | 62,915,681 | 3,313,471 |
| 1992 | 61,480,660 | 3,230,698 |
| 1991 | 60,028,997 | 3,135,083 |
| 1990 | 58,396,618 | 3,047,132 |
| 1989 | 56,710,642 | 2,930,901 |
| 1988 | 55,187,681 | 2,846,108 |
| 1987 | 53,674,435 | 2,774,789 |
| 1986 | 52,206,295 | 2,733,373 |
| 1985 | 50,734,968 | 2,735,957 |
| 1984 | 49,247,334 | 2,732,221 |
| 1983 | 47,786,402 | 2,681,061 |
| 1982 | 46,407,611 | 2,646,466 |
| 1981 | 45,147,224 | 2,532,835 |
| 1980 | 43,950,413 | 2,413,945 |
| 1979 | 42,818,628 | 2,383,500 |
| 1978 | 41,761,431 | 2,353,600 |
| 1977 | 40,748,870 | 2,325,300 |
| 1976 | 39,795,557 | 2,293,300 |
| 1975 | 38,875,327 | 2,262,600 |
| 1974 | 37,969,667 | 2,229,800 |
| 1973 | 37,102,043 | 2,193,000 |
| 1972 | 36,258,328 | 2,152,400 |
| 1971 | 35,433,368 | 2,112,900 |
| 1970 | 34,623,990 | 2,074,507 |
| 1969 | 33,811,615 | 2,042,500 |
| 1968 | 32,998,319 | 2,012,000 |
| 1967 | 32,196,360 | 1,977,600 |
| 1966 | 31,406,541 | 1,934,400 |
| 1965 | 30,629,174 | 1,886,900 |
| 1964 | 29,858,922 | 1,841,600 |
| 1963 | 29,091,869 | 1,795,000 |
| 1962 | 28,337,013 | 1,750,200 |
| 1961 | 27,600,898 | 1,702,400 |
| 1960 | 26,896,479 | 1,646,400 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/egypt/singapore | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Egypt increased by 18,944,186 people (a 22.9% growth), while Singapore gained 1,205,918 people (a 27.4% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Egypt gained 19,367,574 people (a 19.1% growth), while Singapore's population increased by 560,162 people (a 9.99% growth).
Egypt was ranked 13th most populous country in 2006 and is still 13th in 2026. Singapore was ranked 117th in 2006 and ranked 113th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Egypt's population will grow by 33.9% to 162,092,482 people with a rank change from 13th to 11th. The population of Singapore will increase by 3.12% to 6,359,963 people and rank change from 113th to 117th.
Egypt is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 203M people compared to the peak of 6.47M people in 2040 for Singapore.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Egypt
|
Singapore
|
|
| 2100 | 0.06% | -0.99% |
| 2099 | 0.08% | -1.07% |
| 2098 | 0.09% | -1.08% |
| 2097 | 0.1% | -1.11% |
| 2096 | 0.12% | -1.12% |
| 2095 | 0.14% | -1.17% |
| 2094 | 0.15% | -1.13% |
| 2093 | 0.16% | -1.11% |
| 2092 | 0.18% | -1.18% |
| 2091 | 0.19% | -1.18% |
| 2090 | 0.2% | -1.23% |
| 2089 | 0.22% | -1.16% |
| 2088 | 0.24% | -1.17% |
| 2087 | 0.25% | -1.18% |
| 2086 | 0.26% | -1.14% |
| 2085 | 0.28% | -1.09% |
| 2084 | 0.3% | -1.09% |
| 2083 | 0.31% | -1.08% |
| 2082 | 0.33% | -1.05% |
| 2081 | 0.34% | -1% |
| 2080 | 0.37% | -0.98% |
| 2079 | 0.38% | -0.9% |
| 2078 | 0.4% | -0.85% |
| 2077 | 0.42% | -0.77% |
| 2076 | 0.44% | -0.83% |
| 2075 | 0.46% | -0.79% |
| 2074 | 0.47% | -0.67% |
| 2073 | 0.5% | -0.61% |
| 2072 | 0.51% | -0.58% |
| 2071 | 0.53% | -0.53% |
| 2070 | 0.55% | -0.55% |
| 2069 | 0.57% | -0.52% |
| 2068 | 0.59% | -0.48% |
| 2067 | 0.6% | -0.55% |
| 2066 | 0.61% | -0.52% |
| 2065 | 0.64% | -0.44% |
| 2064 | 0.65% | -0.37% |
| 2063 | 0.66% | -0.4% |
| 2062 | 0.68% | -0.38% |
| 2061 | 0.69% | -0.41% |
| 2060 | 0.71% | -0.34% |
| 2059 | 0.73% | -0.36% |
| 2058 | 0.75% | -0.29% |
| 2057 | 0.76% | -0.29% |
| 2056 | 0.78% | -0.3% |
| 2055 | 0.81% | -0.34% |
| 2054 | 0.83% | -0.26% |
| 2053 | 0.85% | -0.2% |
| 2052 | 0.87% | -0.27% |
| 2051 | 0.9% | -0.29% |
| 2050 | 0.93% | -0.27% |
| 2049 | 0.97% | -0.21% |
| 2048 | 1% | -0.28% |
| 2047 | 1.03% | -0.22% |
| 2046 | 1.07% | -0.19% |
| 2045 | 1.12% | -0.2% |
| 2044 | 1.15% | -0.12% |
| 2043 | 1.19% | -0.11% |
| 2042 | 1.23% | -0.09% |
| 2041 | 1.26% | -0.02% |
| 2040 | 1.28% | 0.05% |
| 2039 | 1.3% | 0.14% |
| 2038 | 1.32% | 0.18% |
| 2037 | 1.33% | 0.19% |
| 2036 | 1.34% | 0.26% |
| 2035 | 1.36% | 0.35% |
| 2034 | 1.36% | 0.43% |
| 2033 | 1.38% | 0.43% |
| 2032 | 1.39% | 0.46% |
| 2031 | 1.4% | 0.44% |
| 2030 | 1.42% | 0.47% |
| 2029 | 1.44% | 0.56% |
| 2028 | 1.45% | 0.58% |
| 2027 | 1.45% | 0.56% |
| 2026 | 1.48% | 0.63% |
| 2025 | 1.57% | 1.23% |
| 2024 | 1.75% | 2.01% |
| 2023 | 1.7% | 4.98% |
| 2022 | 1.5% | 3.36% |
| 2021 | 1.5% | -4.08% |
| 2020 | 1.64% | -0.31% |
| 2019 | 1.77% | 1.15% |
| 2018 | 1.92% | 0.47% |
| 2017 | 2.02% | 0.09% |
| 2016 | 2.06% | 1.31% |
| 2015 | 2.12% | 1.19% |
| 2014 | 2.3% | 1.31% |
| 2013 | 2.33% | 1.63% |
| 2012 | 2.27% | 2.48% |
| 2011 | 2.13% | 2.11% |
| 2010 | 1.94% | 1.79% |
| 2009 | 1.91% | 3.06% |
| 2008 | 1.88% | 5.47% |
| 2007 | 1.91% | 4.25% |
| 2006 | 1.97% | 3.18% |
| 2005 | 2.04% | 2.38% |
| 2004 | 2.09% | 1.26% |
| 2003 | 2.12% | -1.46% |
| 2002 | 2.13% | 0.92% |
| 2001 | 2.15% | 2.73% |
| 2000 | 2.18% | 1.75% |
| 1999 | 2.26% | 0.8% |
| 1998 | 2.21% | 3.46% |
| 1997 | 2.09% | 3.41% |
| 1996 | 2.1% | 4.15% |
| 1995 | 2.13% | 3.08% |
| 1994 | 2.18% | 3.19% |
| 1993 | 2.33% | 2.56% |
| 1992 | 2.42% | 3.05% |
| 1991 | 2.8% | 2.89% |
| 1990 | 2.97% | 3.97% |
| 1989 | 2.76% | 2.98% |
| 1988 | 2.82% | 2.57% |
| 1987 | 2.81% | 1.52% |
| 1986 | 2.9% | -0.09% |
| 1985 | 3.02% | 0.14% |
| 1984 | 3.06% | 1.91% |
| 1983 | 2.97% | 1.31% |
| 1982 | 2.79% | 4.49% |
| 1981 | 2.72% | 4.93% |
| 1980 | 2.64% | 1.28% |
| 1979 | 2.53% | 1.27% |
| 1978 | 2.48% | 1.22% |
| 1977 | 2.4% | 1.4% |
| 1976 | 2.37% | 1.36% |
| 1975 | 2.39% | 1.47% |
| 1974 | 2.34% | 1.68% |
| 1973 | 2.33% | 1.89% |
| 1972 | 2.33% | 1.87% |
| 1971 | 2.34% | 1.85% |
| 1970 | 2.4% | 1.57% |
| 1969 | 2.46% | 1.52% |
| 1968 | 2.49% | 1.74% |
| 1967 | 2.51% | 2.23% |
| 1966 | 2.54% | 2.52% |
| 1965 | 2.58% | 2.46% |
| 1964 | 2.64% | 2.6% |
| 1963 | 2.66% | 2.56% |
| 1962 | 2.67% | 2.81% |
| 1961 | 2.62% | 3.4% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/egypt/singapore | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Egypt grew by 1.57%, while Singapore's population grew by 1.23%.
Live population counters
|
Egypt
|
Singapore
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
121012163
|
6167445
|
| Population rank | 13/197 | 113/197 |
| Percent of world population | 1.46% | 0.07% |
| One net population change |
17.3 seconds
|
7.09 minutes
|
| One birth every |
12.9 seconds
|
11.8 minutes
|
| One death every |
49.1 seconds
|
14.5 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +5,007 | +204 |
| Annual growth/decline | +1,827,737 | +74,315 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +1.57% | +1.23% |
| Population growth rate rank | 67/197 | 83/197 |
| One migration net change every |
9.2 minutes
|
31.2 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -57,305 | +16,892 |
| Net migration rank | 177/196 | 36/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,139,820 | 2,841,665 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 55/195 | 26/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 1% | 48.7% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 153/195 | 9/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Egypt
|
Singapore
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -57,305 | - | 16,892 |
| 2024 | 1,795,738 | 123,884 | 8,451 | 20,011 |
| 2023 | 1,780,230 | 305,006 | 7,101 | 26,996 |
| 2022 | 1,736,123 | 13,707 | 9,019 | 214,842 |
| 2021 | 1,566,491 | 6,161 | 15,270 | -44,030 |
| 2020 | 1,704,988 | 6,016 | 18,763 | -145,556 |
| 2019 | 1,805,818 | 7,050 | 21,674 | 870 |
| 2018 | 1,908,512 | 20,788 | 21,427 | 21,820 |
| 2017 | 2,122,866 | -80,000 | 21,888 | -8,880 |
| 2016 | 2,131,690 | -71,604 | 25,794 | 13,737 |
| 2015 | 2,227,594 | -193,298 | 27,121 | 41,852 |
| 2014 | 2,195,761 | -92,801 | 27,896 | 40,154 |
| 2013 | 2,156,922 | 130,305 | 25,376 | 52,176 |
| 2012 | 2,060,535 | -2,626 | 29,750 | 78,501 |
| 2011 | 1,951,851 | 126,170 | 25,919 | 89,856 |
| 2010 | 1,910,134 | -194,100 | 24,876 | 72,571 |
| 2009 | 1,848,123 | -175,191 | 27,930 | 95,841 |
| 2008 | 1,792,943 | -192,199 | 28,068 | 176,182 |
| 2007 | 1,749,322 | -173,021 | 26,614 | 192,292 |
| 2006 | 1,693,374 | -118,055 | 25,968 | 135,625 |
| 2005 | 1,660,624 | -37,129 | 24,741 | 92,023 |
| 2004 | 1,626,745 | -3,044 | 24,583 | 50,487 |
| 2003 | 1,614,293 | 9,854 | 24,689 | -30,012 |
| 2002 | 1,593,474 | 11,205 | 29,231 | -40,023 |
| 2001 | 1,568,962 | 556 | 31,035 | 45,027 |
| 2000 | 1,540,084 | 27,873 | 37,057 | 55,218 |
| 1999 | 1,534,697 | 22,026 | 32,857 | 19,681 |
| 1998 | 1,519,728 | 78,858 | 33,381 | 51,905 |
| 1997 | 1,470,119 | -45,599 | 37,960 | 95,241 |
| 1996 | 1,427,161 | -44,272 | 38,542 | 102,018 |
| 1995 | 1,406,935 | -38,920 | 38,065 | 91,947 |
| 1994 | 1,402,840 | -36,738 | 39,319 | 71,170 |
| 1993 | 1,409,374 | -35,669 | 40,425 | 58,820 |
| 1992 | 1,421,372 | 74,950 | 39,091 | 54,359 |
| 1991 | 1,440,936 | -33,952 | 39,188 | 57,821 |
| 1990 | 1,450,747 | 406,994 | 41,136 | 66,950 |
| 1989 | 1,461,547 | 52,648 | 36,929 | 68,031 |
| 1988 | 1,465,620 | 66,147 | 42,407 | 40,976 |
| 1987 | 1,436,059 | 58,678 | 33,020 | 25,411 |
| 1986 | 1,410,249 | 31,299 | 27,880 | -7,858 |
| 1985 | 1,388,718 | 112,411 | 32,010 | -31,036 |
| 1984 | 1,351,297 | 122,791 | 31,967 | -4,396 |
| 1983 | 1,318,474 | 129,242 | 30,296 | 11,699 |
| 1982 | 1,258,574 | 51,229 | 33,346 | 41,568 |
| 1981 | 1,206,830 | 4,140 | 32,167 | 85,869 |
| 1980 | 1,181,914 | 738 | 30,657 | 42,433 |
| 1979 | 1,145,655 | -64,757 | 28,363 | -2,384 |
| 1978 | 1,107,179 | -73,664 | 27,537 | 436 |
| 1977 | 1,065,298 | -73,705 | 26,508 | 2,757 |
| 1976 | 1,030,546 | -115,544 | 31,189 | 949 |
| 1975 | 987,822 | -62,368 | 28,509 | 4,104 |
| 1974 | 946,052 | -60,174 | 31,664 | 2,748 |
| 1973 | 905,068 | -55,702 | 36,404 | -495 |
| 1972 | 893,333 | -55,282 | 38,098 | -1,631 |
| 1971 | 868,365 | -56,503 | 35,708 | 573 |
| 1970 | 841,952 | -35,064 | 35,059 | 4,024 |
| 1969 | 824,564 | -6,703 | 34,314 | 6,763 |
| 1968 | 809,482 | -764 | 36,216 | 6,792 |
| 1967 | 788,908 | 6,286 | 40,145 | 6,006 |
| 1966 | 774,391 | 10,089 | 44,298 | 3,507 |
| 1965 | 752,682 | 17,605 | 45,474 | 4,199 |
| 1964 | 749,608 | 20,596 | 47,697 | 3,043 |
| 1963 | 738,788 | 25,109 | 49,542 | 2,668 |
| 1962 | 720,128 | 25,696 | 48,830 | 3,714 |
| 1961 | 703,216 | 23,184 | 49,880 | 3,490 |
| 1960 | 685,403 | -2,954 | 51,533 | 2,008 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/egypt/singapore | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.3% of the population change in Egypt is from natural causes (a gain of 18,780,050 people) and 0.73% is from migration (a gain of 137,710 people). In Singapore 55.5% is from natural causes (a gain of 176,508 people) and 44.5% is from migration (a gain of 141,662 people).
As of 2024, 1,139,820 residents or 1% of the population were not native-born in Egypt, compared to 2,841,665 people or 48.7% in Singapore.
Biggest cities by population
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Egypt and Singapore
|
Egypt
|
Singapore
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 72.2 years | 84.1 years |
| Average age | 28.7 years | 39.7 years |
| Median age | 25.5 years | 37.4 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.5:49.5 | 51.7:48.3 |
| Fertility rate | 2.74 births per woman | 0.97 births per woman |
| Population density | 313 ppl/mi² | 22,183 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/egypt/singapore | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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