The latest officially reported population of the Central African Republic was 5,513,282 in 2025 vs 38,980,376 people in Ukraine in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Central African Republic's population is 5,798,457 people compared to 40,408,451 in Ukraine.
Population statistics:
- Ukraine's population is 6.97 times bigger than the Central African Republic's.
- The Central African Republic is ranked the 117th most populous country in the world, while Ukraine is the 40th.
- The countries together account for 0.56% of the world: 0.07% for the Central African Republic vs 0.49% for Ukraine.
- For the last 10 years, the Central African Republic has had an average growth rate of +1.62% per year vs -1.44% in Ukraine.
- Since 2006, the population of the Central African Republic has increased from 4.38M people to 5.8M (32.5% growth), while Ukraine has declined from 47.3M to 40.4M (14.5% decline).
Central African Republic vs Ukraine: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
CAR
|
Ukraine
|
|
| 2100 | 19,061,127 | 15,603,179 |
| 2099 | 18,981,009 | 15,862,593 |
| 2098 | 18,896,319 | 16,125,815 |
| 2097 | 18,810,793 | 16,393,353 |
| 2096 | 18,719,993 | 16,664,587 |
| 2095 | 18,621,666 | 16,939,471 |
| 2094 | 18,521,650 | 17,219,443 |
| 2093 | 18,420,299 | 17,504,349 |
| 2092 | 18,311,751 | 17,793,601 |
| 2091 | 18,200,580 | 18,087,289 |
| 2090 | 18,083,097 | 18,386,570 |
| 2089 | 17,968,298 | 18,689,852 |
| 2088 | 17,844,377 | 18,998,014 |
| 2087 | 17,717,148 | 19,311,662 |
| 2086 | 17,581,447 | 19,630,012 |
| 2085 | 17,447,157 | 19,952,247 |
| 2084 | 17,306,435 | 20,280,817 |
| 2083 | 17,159,818 | 20,613,034 |
| 2082 | 17,010,036 | 20,949,887 |
| 2081 | 16,860,592 | 21,289,979 |
| 2080 | 16,704,486 | 21,633,931 |
| 2079 | 16,552,105 | 21,981,015 |
| 2078 | 16,392,201 | 22,331,415 |
| 2077 | 16,224,015 | 22,684,635 |
| 2076 | 16,051,483 | 23,041,181 |
| 2075 | 15,877,563 | 23,400,319 |
| 2074 | 15,706,759 | 23,762,428 |
| 2073 | 15,526,382 | 24,126,690 |
| 2072 | 15,346,626 | 24,491,363 |
| 2071 | 15,158,906 | 24,859,381 |
| 2070 | 14,964,276 | 25,229,957 |
| 2069 | 14,768,967 | 25,602,485 |
| 2068 | 14,572,130 | 25,976,390 |
| 2067 | 14,369,861 | 26,352,535 |
| 2066 | 14,167,129 | 26,730,314 |
| 2065 | 13,963,573 | 27,109,886 |
| 2064 | 13,758,257 | 27,491,024 |
| 2063 | 13,545,150 | 27,872,631 |
| 2062 | 13,332,625 | 28,254,738 |
| 2061 | 13,120,271 | 28,638,347 |
| 2060 | 12,903,195 | 29,021,488 |
| 2059 | 12,684,791 | 29,404,719 |
| 2058 | 12,464,271 | 29,788,559 |
| 2057 | 12,242,308 | 30,170,070 |
| 2056 | 12,020,446 | 30,548,973 |
| 2055 | 11,797,986 | 30,926,521 |
| 2054 | 11,575,058 | 31,299,425 |
| 2053 | 11,351,527 | 31,669,550 |
| 2052 | 11,128,939 | 32,035,413 |
| 2051 | 10,908,122 | 32,397,707 |
| 2050 | 10,686,324 | 32,754,538 |
| 2049 | 10,468,520 | 33,107,228 |
| 2048 | 10,249,810 | 33,451,994 |
| 2047 | 10,034,764 | 33,793,296 |
| 2046 | 9,819,986 | 34,131,561 |
| 2045 | 9,606,504 | 34,463,236 |
| 2044 | 9,394,614 | 34,790,682 |
| 2043 | 9,185,941 | 35,115,069 |
| 2042 | 8,980,018 | 35,437,607 |
| 2041 | 8,774,893 | 35,758,248 |
| 2040 | 8,567,893 | 36,075,749 |
| 2039 | 8,358,128 | 36,396,426 |
| 2038 | 8,149,514 | 36,714,126 |
| 2037 | 7,942,721 | 37,031,794 |
| 2036 | 7,734,436 | 37,345,665 |
| 2035 | 7,525,805 | 37,659,856 |
| 2034 | 7,314,741 | 37,972,332 |
| 2033 | 7,105,166 | 38,283,563 |
| 2032 | 6,897,152 | 38,592,696 |
| 2031 | 6,690,066 | 38,902,570 |
| 2030 | 6,486,667 | 39,210,256 |
| 2029 | 6,286,290 | 39,514,695 |
| 2028 | 6,085,426 | 39,816,523 |
| 2027 | 5,890,999 | 40,111,670 |
| 2026 | 5,700,718 | 40,408,451 |
| 2025 | 5,513,282 | 38,980,376 |
| 2024 | 5,330,690 | 37,860,221 |
| 2023 | 5,152,421 | 37,732,836 |
| 2022 | 5,098,039 | 41,048,766 |
| 2021 | 5,112,100 | 44,298,640 |
| 2020 | 5,026,628 | 44,680,014 |
| 2019 | 4,944,703 | 44,957,458 |
| 2018 | 4,878,657 | 45,208,907 |
| 2017 | 4,793,511 | 45,436,041 |
| 2016 | 4,713,663 | 45,616,832 |
| 2015 | 4,629,320 | 45,784,896 |
| 2014 | 4,623,182 | 45,972,380 |
| 2013 | 4,642,419 | 46,126,770 |
| 2012 | 4,610,848 | 46,210,056 |
| 2011 | 4,565,021 | 46,307,853 |
| 2010 | 4,492,995 | 46,456,003 |
| 2009 | 4,529,047 | 46,623,731 |
| 2008 | 4,558,984 | 46,819,175 |
| 2007 | 4,462,770 | 47,062,798 |
| 2006 | 4,377,579 | 47,278,694 |
| 2005 | 4,288,810 | 47,585,556 |
| 2004 | 4,192,826 | 47,979,507 |
| 2003 | 4,103,086 | 48,315,136 |
| 2002 | 4,006,077 | 48,677,281 |
| 2001 | 3,919,487 | 49,106,855 |
| 2000 | 3,833,416 | 49,556,660 |
| 1999 | 3,729,450 | 49,976,446 |
| 1998 | 3,628,827 | 50,379,731 |
| 1997 | 3,531,700 | 50,786,885 |
| 1996 | 3,435,965 | 51,226,109 |
| 1995 | 3,348,052 | 51,665,539 |
| 1994 | 3,257,954 | 52,075,998 |
| 1993 | 3,157,839 | 52,350,126 |
| 1992 | 3,058,831 | 52,323,671 |
| 1991 | 2,963,191 | 52,170,961 |
| 1990 | 2,871,910 | 52,054,092 |
| 1989 | 2,783,970 | 51,917,817 |
| 1988 | 2,713,965 | 51,724,853 |
| 1987 | 2,669,155 | 51,515,732 |
| 1986 | 2,634,258 | 51,318,745 |
| 1985 | 2,600,932 | 51,108,770 |
| 1984 | 2,568,610 | 50,887,599 |
| 1983 | 2,537,399 | 50,637,029 |
| 1982 | 2,507,375 | 50,402,724 |
| 1981 | 2,478,402 | 50,189,281 |
| 1980 | 2,450,535 | 49,955,152 |
| 1979 | 2,423,794 | 49,721,381 |
| 1978 | 2,397,961 | 49,521,243 |
| 1977 | 2,372,930 | 49,336,481 |
| 1976 | 2,348,566 | 49,120,842 |
| 1975 | 2,313,916 | 48,865,229 |
| 1974 | 2,269,338 | 48,576,570 |
| 1973 | 2,226,008 | 48,277,121 |
| 1972 | 2,183,769 | 47,946,893 |
| 1971 | 2,141,450 | 47,573,287 |
| 1970 | 2,097,505 | 47,261,306 |
| 1969 | 2,051,515 | 46,976,256 |
| 1968 | 2,005,100 | 46,614,325 |
| 1967 | 1,960,444 | 46,215,988 |
| 1966 | 1,918,082 | 45,802,519 |
| 1965 | 1,877,854 | 45,386,892 |
| 1964 | 1,839,583 | 44,951,156 |
| 1963 | 1,803,063 | 44,462,372 |
| 1962 | 1,768,115 | 43,943,674 |
| 1961 | 1,734,580 | 43,399,766 |
| 1960 | 1,702,346 | 42,824,093 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/central-african-republic/ukraine | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of the Central African Republic increased by 336,084 people (a 7.68% growth), while Ukraine lost 1,661,862 people (a 3.52% decline).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, the Central African Republic gained 1,084,794 people (a 23% growth), while Ukraine's population decreased by 5,208,381 people (a 11.4% decline).
The Central African Republic was ranked 118th most populous country in 2006 and is 117th in 2026. Ukraine was ranked 27th in 2006 and ranked 40th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) the Central African Republic's population will grow by 84.3% to 10,686,324 people with a rank change from 117th to 96th. The population of Ukraine will decrease by 18.9% to 32,754,538 people and rank change from 40th to 60th.
The Central African Republic is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 19.1M people, while Ukraine's population already peaked in 1993 at 52.4M people and is projected to decrease to 15.6M people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
CAR
|
Ukraine
|
|
| 2100 | 0.42% | -1.64% |
| 2099 | 0.45% | -1.63% |
| 2098 | 0.45% | -1.63% |
| 2097 | 0.49% | -1.63% |
| 2096 | 0.53% | -1.62% |
| 2095 | 0.54% | -1.63% |
| 2094 | 0.55% | -1.63% |
| 2093 | 0.59% | -1.63% |
| 2092 | 0.61% | -1.62% |
| 2091 | 0.65% | -1.63% |
| 2090 | 0.64% | -1.62% |
| 2089 | 0.69% | -1.62% |
| 2088 | 0.72% | -1.62% |
| 2087 | 0.77% | -1.62% |
| 2086 | 0.77% | -1.62% |
| 2085 | 0.81% | -1.62% |
| 2084 | 0.85% | -1.61% |
| 2083 | 0.88% | -1.61% |
| 2082 | 0.89% | -1.6% |
| 2081 | 0.93% | -1.59% |
| 2080 | 0.92% | -1.58% |
| 2079 | 0.98% | -1.57% |
| 2078 | 1.04% | -1.56% |
| 2077 | 1.07% | -1.55% |
| 2076 | 1.1% | -1.53% |
| 2075 | 1.09% | -1.52% |
| 2074 | 1.16% | -1.51% |
| 2073 | 1.17% | -1.49% |
| 2072 | 1.24% | -1.48% |
| 2071 | 1.3% | -1.47% |
| 2070 | 1.32% | -1.46% |
| 2069 | 1.35% | -1.44% |
| 2068 | 1.41% | -1.43% |
| 2067 | 1.43% | -1.41% |
| 2066 | 1.46% | -1.4% |
| 2065 | 1.49% | -1.39% |
| 2064 | 1.57% | -1.37% |
| 2063 | 1.59% | -1.35% |
| 2062 | 1.62% | -1.34% |
| 2061 | 1.68% | -1.32% |
| 2060 | 1.72% | -1.3% |
| 2059 | 1.77% | -1.29% |
| 2058 | 1.81% | -1.26% |
| 2057 | 1.85% | -1.24% |
| 2056 | 1.89% | -1.22% |
| 2055 | 1.93% | -1.19% |
| 2054 | 1.97% | -1.17% |
| 2053 | 2% | -1.14% |
| 2052 | 2.02% | -1.12% |
| 2051 | 2.08% | -1.09% |
| 2050 | 2.08% | -1.07% |
| 2049 | 2.13% | -1.03% |
| 2048 | 2.14% | -1.01% |
| 2047 | 2.19% | -0.99% |
| 2046 | 2.22% | -0.96% |
| 2045 | 2.26% | -0.94% |
| 2044 | 2.27% | -0.92% |
| 2043 | 2.29% | -0.91% |
| 2042 | 2.34% | -0.9% |
| 2041 | 2.42% | -0.88% |
| 2040 | 2.51% | -0.88% |
| 2039 | 2.56% | -0.87% |
| 2038 | 2.6% | -0.86% |
| 2037 | 2.69% | -0.84% |
| 2036 | 2.77% | -0.83% |
| 2035 | 2.89% | -0.82% |
| 2034 | 2.95% | -0.81% |
| 2033 | 3.02% | -0.8% |
| 2032 | 3.1% | -0.8% |
| 2031 | 3.14% | -0.78% |
| 2030 | 3.19% | -0.77% |
| 2029 | 3.3% | -0.76% |
| 2028 | 3.3% | -0.74% |
| 2027 | 3.34% | -0.73% |
| 2026 | 3.4% | 3.66% |
| 2025 | 3.43% | 2.96% |
| 2024 | 3.46% | 0.34% |
| 2023 | 1.07% | -8.08% |
| 2022 | -0.28% | -7.34% |
| 2021 | 1.7% | -0.85% |
| 2020 | 1.66% | -0.62% |
| 2019 | 1.35% | -0.56% |
| 2018 | 1.78% | -0.5% |
| 2017 | 1.69% | -0.4% |
| 2016 | 1.82% | -0.37% |
| 2015 | 0.13% | -0.41% |
| 2014 | -0.41% | -0.33% |
| 2013 | 0.68% | -0.18% |
| 2012 | 1% | -0.21% |
| 2011 | 1.6% | -0.32% |
| 2010 | -0.8% | -0.36% |
| 2009 | -0.66% | -0.42% |
| 2008 | 2.16% | -0.52% |
| 2007 | 1.95% | -0.46% |
| 2006 | 2.07% | -0.64% |
| 2005 | 2.29% | -0.82% |
| 2004 | 2.19% | -0.69% |
| 2003 | 2.42% | -0.74% |
| 2002 | 2.21% | -0.87% |
| 2001 | 2.25% | -0.91% |
| 2000 | 2.79% | -0.84% |
| 1999 | 2.77% | -0.8% |
| 1998 | 2.75% | -0.8% |
| 1997 | 2.79% | -0.86% |
| 1996 | 2.63% | -0.85% |
| 1995 | 2.77% | -0.79% |
| 1994 | 3.17% | -0.52% |
| 1993 | 3.24% | 0.05% |
| 1992 | 3.23% | 0.29% |
| 1991 | 3.18% | 0.22% |
| 1990 | 3.16% | 0.26% |
| 1989 | 2.58% | 0.37% |
| 1988 | 1.68% | 0.41% |
| 1987 | 1.32% | 0.38% |
| 1986 | 1.28% | 0.41% |
| 1985 | 1.26% | 0.43% |
| 1984 | 1.23% | 0.49% |
| 1983 | 1.2% | 0.46% |
| 1982 | 1.17% | 0.43% |
| 1981 | 1.14% | 0.47% |
| 1980 | 1.1% | 0.47% |
| 1979 | 1.08% | 0.4% |
| 1978 | 1.05% | 0.37% |
| 1977 | 1.04% | 0.44% |
| 1976 | 1.5% | 0.52% |
| 1975 | 1.96% | 0.59% |
| 1974 | 1.95% | 0.62% |
| 1973 | 1.93% | 0.69% |
| 1972 | 1.98% | 0.79% |
| 1971 | 2.1% | 0.66% |
| 1970 | 2.24% | 0.61% |
| 1969 | 2.31% | 0.78% |
| 1968 | 2.28% | 0.86% |
| 1967 | 2.21% | 0.9% |
| 1966 | 2.14% | 0.92% |
| 1965 | 2.08% | 0.97% |
| 1964 | 2.03% | 1.1% |
| 1963 | 1.98% | 1.18% |
| 1962 | 1.93% | 1.25% |
| 1961 | 1.89% | 1.34% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/central-african-republic/ukraine | CC BY
In 2025, the population of the Central African Republic grew by 3.43%, while Ukraine's population grew by 2.96%.
Live population counters
|
CAR
|
Ukraine
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
5798457
|
40408451
|
| Population rank | 117/197 | 40/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.07% | 0.49% |
| One net population change |
2.89 minutes
|
28.2 seconds
|
| One birth every |
2.13 minutes
|
2.54 minutes
|
| One death every |
10.5 minutes
|
1.02 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +500 | +3,069 |
| Annual growth/decline | +182,592 | +1,120,155 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +3.43% | +2.96% |
| Population growth rate rank | 7/197 | 13/197 |
| One migration net change every |
35.9 minutes
|
18.6 seconds
|
| Annual migration change | -14,693 | +1,702,358 |
| Net migration rank | 143/196 | 1/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 94,556 | 5,064,173 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 132/195 | 14/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 1.8% | 13.4% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 135/195 | 51/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
CAR
|
Ukraine
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -14,693 | - | 1,702,358 |
| 2024 | 196,244 | -15,357 | -308,069 | 1,146,012 |
| 2023 | 190,325 | -14,682 | -283,185 | -299,961 |
| 2022 | -49,456 | -17,430 | -349,284 | -5,699,445 |
| 2021 | 124,408 | -85,646 | -449,941 | -1,129 |
| 2020 | 156,911 | -24,745 | -307,533 | -4,167 |
| 2019 | 68,523 | -36,849 | -236,296 | -6,908 |
| 2018 | 153,361 | -52,954 | -227,491 | -32,220 |
| 2017 | 128,461 | -58,584 | -158,390 | -36,155 |
| 2016 | 142,419 | -52,607 | -135,710 | -31,340 |
| 2015 | 141,912 | -63,045 | -147,107 | -21,992 |
| 2014 | 107,448 | -174,051 | -140,216 | -65,678 |
| 2013 | 140,489 | -112,382 | -129,662 | 26,781 |
| 2012 | 146,791 | -111,764 | -130,451 | 66,768 |
| 2011 | 142,913 | -86,281 | -158,372 | 26,457 |
| 2010 | 130,539 | -43,126 | -180,388 | 16,030 |
| 2009 | -130,613 | -28,899 | -197,918 | 26,796 |
| 2008 | 128,627 | -28,983 | -229,086 | 9,312 |
| 2007 | 123,137 | -30,352 | -282,659 | 15,237 |
| 2006 | 118,882 | -41,282 | -300,787 | 136,442 |
| 2005 | 113,534 | -13,604 | -337,857 | -111,493 |
| 2004 | 108,548 | -16,510 | -344,157 | 5,644 |
| 2003 | 105,540 | -18,097 | -351,299 | 18,540 |
| 2002 | 100,588 | 5,992 | -364,544 | -26,991 |
| 2001 | 99,598 | -33,006 | -374,734 | -92,847 |
| 2000 | 97,468 | 8,079 | -364,143 | -67,865 |
| 1999 | 96,108 | 6,284 | -348,286 | -59,247 |
| 1998 | 94,361 | 4,479 | -318,299 | -80,684 |
| 1997 | 93,378 | 2,034 | -306,549 | -108,735 |
| 1996 | 93,369 | 2,697 | -305,154 | -158,008 |
| 1995 | 92,748 | -12,986 | -281,629 | -134,053 |
| 1994 | 90,943 | 9,496 | -238,820 | -166,380 |
| 1993 | 89,873 | 9,930 | -169,405 | 26,357 |
| 1992 | 88,939 | 9,269 | -95,857 | 291,788 |
| 1991 | 88,688 | 4,381 | -16,486 | 125,962 |
| 1990 | 87,507 | 1,995 | 48,463 | 75,760 |
| 1989 | 85,969 | 409 | 106,431 | 36,978 |
| 1988 | 84,654 | -31,016 | 162,002 | 75,637 |
| 1987 | 83,408 | -47,428 | 198,850 | -18,275 |
| 1986 | 81,149 | -47,332 | 225,751 | -12,369 |
| 1985 | 79,266 | -46,427 | 201,011 | 5,546 |
| 1984 | 77,395 | -45,591 | 222,430 | 13,340 |
| 1983 | 75,399 | -44,780 | 241,741 | 23,608 |
| 1982 | 73,330 | -43,908 | 194,101 | 9,096 |
| 1981 | 71,391 | -42,872 | 182,839 | 40,807 |
| 1980 | 68,759 | -41,539 | 197,223 | 47,406 |
| 1979 | 66,104 | -39,850 | 197,294 | 25,635 |
| 1978 | 63,285 | -37,874 | 206,554 | -29,180 |
| 1977 | 60,436 | -35,782 | 216,932 | -24,745 |
| 1976 | 57,725 | -33,645 | 247,323 | -8,219 |
| 1975 | 55,106 | -9,895 | 256,787 | 15,336 |
| 1974 | 53,777 | -9,838 | 273,486 | 31,725 |
| 1973 | 52,525 | -9,800 | 274,938 | 18,777 |
| 1972 | 51,390 | -9,634 | 309,785 | 56,928 |
| 1971 | 50,142 | -7,259 | 305,849 | 74,604 |
| 1970 | 48,690 | -3,693 | 291,839 | -48,335 |
| 1969 | 47,066 | -80 | 274,858 | 51,763 |
| 1968 | 45,377 | 474 | 295,162 | 102,096 |
| 1967 | 42,979 | 474 | 313,899 | 85,527 |
| 1966 | 40,804 | 474 | 337,794 | 89,737 |
| 1965 | 38,710 | 474 | 334,365 | 69,354 |
| 1964 | 36,878 | 474 | 391,120 | 76,650 |
| 1963 | 35,218 | 474 | 449,648 | 60,178 |
| 1962 | 33,731 | 474 | 481,887 | 45,712 |
| 1961 | 32,383 | 474 | 508,602 | 51,625 |
| 1960 | 31,131 | 474 | 538,812 | 52,281 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/central-african-republic/ukraine | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 74.8% of the population change in the Central African Republic is from natural causes (a gain of 1,253,108 people) and 25.2% is from migration (a loss of 421,899 people). In Ukraine 34.3% is from natural causes (a loss of 2,603,006 people) and 65.7% is from migration (a loss of 4,987,305 people).
As of 2024, 94,556 residents or 1.8% of the population were not native-born in the Central African Republic, compared to 5,064,173 people or 13.4% in Ukraine.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between the Central African Republic and Ukraine
|
CAR
|
Ukraine
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 58.2 years | 75 years |
| Average age | 19.8 years | 42.9 years |
| Median age | 15.5 years | 42.9 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 48.1:51.9 | 46.5:53.5 |
| Fertility rate | 5.95 births per woman | 0.99 births per woman |
| Population density | 23.7 ppl/mi² | 180.6 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/central-african-republic/ukraine | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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