The latest officially reported population of Bahrain was 1,600,366 in 2025 vs 36,973,555 people in Saudi Arabia in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Bahrain's population is 1,649,267 people compared to 37,955,120 in Saudi Arabia.
Population statistics:
- Saudi Arabia's population is 23 times bigger than Bahrain's.
- Bahrain is ranked the 151st most populous country in the world, while Saudi Arabia is the 43rd.
- The countries together account for 0.48% of the world: 0.02% for Bahrain vs 0.46% for Saudi Arabia.
- For the last 10 years, Bahrain has had an average growth rate of +1.83% per year vs +2.5% in Saudi Arabia.
- Since 2006, the population of Bahrain has increased from 960K people to 1.65M (71.7% growth), while Saudi Arabia has grown from 21.5M to 38M (76.9% growth).
Bahrain vs Saudi Arabia: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 2100 | 3,031,337 | 76,380,382 |
| 2099 | 3,011,916 | 75,896,692 |
| 2098 | 2,992,487 | 75,410,485 |
| 2097 | 2,973,093 | 74,922,342 |
| 2096 | 2,953,759 | 74,431,436 |
| 2095 | 2,934,466 | 73,939,761 |
| 2094 | 2,915,204 | 73,447,628 |
| 2093 | 2,896,001 | 72,954,272 |
| 2092 | 2,876,839 | 72,460,372 |
| 2091 | 2,857,700 | 71,966,760 |
| 2090 | 2,838,655 | 71,474,363 |
| 2089 | 2,819,707 | 70,984,330 |
| 2088 | 2,800,765 | 70,494,851 |
| 2087 | 2,781,926 | 70,006,368 |
| 2086 | 2,763,133 | 69,519,641 |
| 2085 | 2,744,327 | 69,035,093 |
| 2084 | 2,725,573 | 68,551,533 |
| 2083 | 2,706,819 | 68,068,933 |
| 2082 | 2,688,091 | 67,587,034 |
| 2081 | 2,669,405 | 67,105,252 |
| 2080 | 2,650,761 | 66,624,751 |
| 2079 | 2,632,128 | 66,144,495 |
| 2078 | 2,613,489 | 65,664,508 |
| 2077 | 2,594,847 | 65,183,768 |
| 2076 | 2,576,208 | 64,701,603 |
| 2075 | 2,557,513 | 64,217,651 |
| 2074 | 2,538,752 | 63,731,809 |
| 2073 | 2,519,971 | 63,243,084 |
| 2072 | 2,501,190 | 62,750,764 |
| 2071 | 2,482,346 | 62,255,408 |
| 2070 | 2,463,552 | 61,756,796 |
| 2069 | 2,444,735 | 61,253,878 |
| 2068 | 2,425,908 | 60,746,216 |
| 2067 | 2,407,081 | 60,235,232 |
| 2066 | 2,388,320 | 59,720,954 |
| 2065 | 2,369,644 | 59,203,814 |
| 2064 | 2,351,001 | 58,684,254 |
| 2063 | 2,332,422 | 58,161,702 |
| 2062 | 2,313,935 | 57,637,152 |
| 2061 | 2,295,551 | 57,109,207 |
| 2060 | 2,277,267 | 56,579,736 |
| 2059 | 2,259,033 | 56,047,666 |
| 2058 | 2,240,850 | 55,513,281 |
| 2057 | 2,222,771 | 54,978,393 |
| 2056 | 2,204,739 | 54,441,706 |
| 2055 | 2,186,699 | 53,904,081 |
| 2054 | 2,168,666 | 53,364,635 |
| 2053 | 2,150,594 | 52,823,422 |
| 2052 | 2,132,515 | 52,280,914 |
| 2051 | 2,114,430 | 51,737,228 |
| 2050 | 2,096,281 | 51,192,924 |
| 2049 | 2,078,112 | 50,647,663 |
| 2048 | 2,059,873 | 50,100,576 |
| 2047 | 2,041,553 | 49,552,613 |
| 2046 | 2,023,114 | 49,002,774 |
| 2045 | 2,004,578 | 48,451,215 |
| 2044 | 1,985,907 | 47,898,754 |
| 2043 | 1,967,174 | 47,346,122 |
| 2042 | 1,948,376 | 46,792,504 |
| 2041 | 1,929,535 | 46,237,820 |
| 2040 | 1,910,715 | 45,682,139 |
| 2039 | 1,891,961 | 45,126,407 |
| 2038 | 1,873,245 | 44,569,427 |
| 2037 | 1,854,637 | 44,012,415 |
| 2036 | 1,836,126 | 43,454,985 |
| 2035 | 1,817,753 | 42,897,909 |
| 2034 | 1,799,540 | 42,342,044 |
| 2033 | 1,781,495 | 41,787,423 |
| 2032 | 1,763,602 | 41,233,964 |
| 2031 | 1,745,865 | 40,680,599 |
| 2030 | 1,728,268 | 40,128,273 |
| 2029 | 1,709,742 | 39,530,306 |
| 2028 | 1,688,220 | 38,906,191 |
| 2027 | 1,663,819 | 38,267,271 |
| 2026 | 1,633,899 | 37,625,434 |
| 2025 | 1,600,366 | 36,973,555 |
| 2024 | 1,588,670 | 35,300,280 |
| 2023 | 1,577,059 | 33,702,731 |
| 2022 | 1,524,693 | 32,175,224 |
| 2021 | 1,504,365 | 30,784,383 |
| 2020 | 1,472,204 | 31,552,510 |
| 2019 | 1,483,756 | 30,063,799 |
| 2018 | 1,503,091 | 30,196,281 |
| 2017 | 1,501,116 | 30,977,355 |
| 2016 | 1,423,726 | 30,954,198 |
| 2015 | 1,370,322 | 29,816,382 |
| 2014 | 1,314,562 | 28,309,273 |
| 2013 | 1,253,191 | 27,624,004 |
| 2012 | 1,208,964 | 26,168,861 |
| 2011 | 1,195,020 | 25,091,867 |
| 2010 | 1,228,543 | 23,978,487 |
| 2009 | 1,178,415 | 24,217,654 |
| 2008 | 1,103,496 | 23,287,877 |
| 2007 | 1,039,295 | 22,368,313 |
| 2006 | 960,424 | 21,459,144 |
| 2005 | 888,822 | 20,559,890 |
| 2004 | 823,741 | 19,669,480 |
| 2003 | 764,517 | 18,786,767 |
| 2002 | 710,553 | 17,910,910 |
| 2001 | 661,316 | 17,041,397 |
| 2000 | 637,582 | 16,177,722 |
| 1999 | 620,989 | 15,472,075 |
| 1998 | 604,842 | 14,922,185 |
| 1997 | 589,115 | 14,374,943 |
| 1996 | 573,792 | 13,831,009 |
| 1995 | 558,879 | 13,289,245 |
| 1994 | 544,366 | 12,750,040 |
| 1993 | 530,225 | 12,215,862 |
| 1992 | 516,458 | 11,686,676 |
| 1991 | 503,052 | 11,160,744 |
| 1990 | 514,797 | 10,640,691 |
| 1989 | 497,327 | 10,128,394 |
| 1988 | 479,929 | 9,629,165 |
| 1987 | 462,854 | 9,130,194 |
| 1986 | 446,286 | 8,628,639 |
| 1985 | 430,358 | 8,151,779 |
| 1984 | 415,154 | 7,697,307 |
| 1983 | 400,707 | 7,252,941 |
| 1982 | 386,983 | 6,824,486 |
| 1981 | 373,524 | 6,420,551 |
| 1980 | 358,978 | 6,047,997 |
| 1979 | 343,457 | 5,703,698 |
| 1978 | 328,046 | 5,381,902 |
| 1977 | 312,823 | 5,083,048 |
| 1976 | 297,863 | 4,807,933 |
| 1975 | 283,243 | 4,556,287 |
| 1974 | 269,038 | 4,323,632 |
| 1973 | 255,320 | 4,106,344 |
| 1972 | 242,113 | 3,905,722 |
| 1971 | 230,733 | 3,724,031 |
| 1970 | 224,809 | 3,562,470 |
| 1969 | 222,469 | 3,417,114 |
| 1968 | 219,337 | 3,282,711 |
| 1967 | 214,189 | 3,157,242 |
| 1966 | 207,543 | 3,039,887 |
| 1965 | 200,866 | 2,928,771 |
| 1964 | 193,816 | 2,821,968 |
| 1963 | 186,501 | 2,719,341 |
| 1962 | 179,349 | 2,620,910 |
| 1961 | 172,346 | 2,526,347 |
| 1960 | 165,477 | 2,435,403 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/bahrain/saudi-arabia | CC BY
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Bahrain increased by 463,302 people (a 48.2% growth), while Saudi Arabia gained 9,495,054 people (a 44.2% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Bahrain gained 225,541 people (a 15.8% growth), while Saudi Arabia's population increased by 7,000,922 people (a 22.6% growth).
Bahrain was ranked 157th most populous country in 2006 and is 151st in 2026. Saudi Arabia was ranked 50th in 2006 and ranked 43rd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Bahrain's population will grow by 27.1% to 2,096,281 people with a rank change from 151st to 146th. The population of Saudi Arabia will increase by 34.9% to 51,192,924 people and rank change from 43rd to 42nd.
Bahrain is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 3.03M people compared to the peak of 76.4M people in 2100 for Saudi Arabia.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 2100 | 0.64% | 0.64% |
| 2099 | 0.65% | 0.64% |
| 2098 | 0.65% | 0.65% |
| 2097 | 0.65% | 0.66% |
| 2096 | 0.66% | 0.66% |
| 2095 | 0.66% | 0.67% |
| 2094 | 0.66% | 0.68% |
| 2093 | 0.67% | 0.68% |
| 2092 | 0.67% | 0.69% |
| 2091 | 0.67% | 0.69% |
| 2090 | 0.67% | 0.69% |
| 2089 | 0.68% | 0.69% |
| 2088 | 0.68% | 0.7% |
| 2087 | 0.68% | 0.7% |
| 2086 | 0.69% | 0.7% |
| 2085 | 0.69% | 0.71% |
| 2084 | 0.69% | 0.71% |
| 2083 | 0.7% | 0.71% |
| 2082 | 0.7% | 0.72% |
| 2081 | 0.7% | 0.72% |
| 2080 | 0.71% | 0.73% |
| 2079 | 0.71% | 0.73% |
| 2078 | 0.72% | 0.74% |
| 2077 | 0.72% | 0.75% |
| 2076 | 0.73% | 0.75% |
| 2075 | 0.74% | 0.76% |
| 2074 | 0.75% | 0.77% |
| 2073 | 0.75% | 0.78% |
| 2072 | 0.76% | 0.8% |
| 2071 | 0.76% | 0.81% |
| 2070 | 0.77% | 0.82% |
| 2069 | 0.78% | 0.84% |
| 2068 | 0.78% | 0.85% |
| 2067 | 0.79% | 0.86% |
| 2066 | 0.79% | 0.87% |
| 2065 | 0.79% | 0.89% |
| 2064 | 0.8% | 0.9% |
| 2063 | 0.8% | 0.91% |
| 2062 | 0.8% | 0.92% |
| 2061 | 0.8% | 0.94% |
| 2060 | 0.81% | 0.95% |
| 2059 | 0.81% | 0.96% |
| 2058 | 0.81% | 0.97% |
| 2057 | 0.82% | 0.99% |
| 2056 | 0.82% | 1% |
| 2055 | 0.83% | 1.01% |
| 2054 | 0.84% | 1.02% |
| 2053 | 0.85% | 1.04% |
| 2052 | 0.86% | 1.05% |
| 2051 | 0.87% | 1.06% |
| 2050 | 0.87% | 1.08% |
| 2049 | 0.89% | 1.09% |
| 2048 | 0.9% | 1.11% |
| 2047 | 0.91% | 1.12% |
| 2046 | 0.92% | 1.14% |
| 2045 | 0.94% | 1.15% |
| 2044 | 0.95% | 1.17% |
| 2043 | 0.96% | 1.18% |
| 2042 | 0.98% | 1.2% |
| 2041 | 0.98% | 1.22% |
| 2040 | 0.99% | 1.23% |
| 2039 | 1% | 1.25% |
| 2038 | 1% | 1.27% |
| 2037 | 1.01% | 1.28% |
| 2036 | 1.01% | 1.3% |
| 2035 | 1.01% | 1.31% |
| 2034 | 1.01% | 1.33% |
| 2033 | 1.01% | 1.34% |
| 2032 | 1.02% | 1.36% |
| 2031 | 1.02% | 1.38% |
| 2030 | 1.08% | 1.51% |
| 2029 | 1.27% | 1.6% |
| 2028 | 1.47% | 1.67% |
| 2027 | 1.83% | 1.71% |
| 2026 | 2.1% | 1.76% |
| 2025 | 0.74% | 4.74% |
| 2024 | 0.74% | 4.74% |
| 2023 | 3.43% | 4.75% |
| 2022 | 1.35% | 4.52% |
| 2021 | 2.18% | -2.43% |
| 2020 | -0.78% | 4.95% |
| 2019 | -1.29% | -0.44% |
| 2018 | 0.13% | -2.52% |
| 2017 | 5.44% | 0.07% |
| 2016 | 3.9% | 3.82% |
| 2015 | 4.24% | 5.32% |
| 2014 | 4.9% | 2.48% |
| 2013 | 3.66% | 5.56% |
| 2012 | 1.17% | 4.29% |
| 2011 | -2.73% | 4.64% |
| 2010 | 4.25% | -0.99% |
| 2009 | 6.79% | 3.99% |
| 2008 | 6.18% | 4.11% |
| 2007 | 8.21% | 4.24% |
| 2006 | 8.06% | 4.37% |
| 2005 | 7.9% | 4.53% |
| 2004 | 7.75% | 4.7% |
| 2003 | 7.59% | 4.89% |
| 2002 | 7.45% | 5.1% |
| 2001 | 3.72% | 5.34% |
| 2000 | 2.67% | 4.56% |
| 1999 | 2.67% | 3.69% |
| 1998 | 2.67% | 3.81% |
| 1997 | 2.67% | 3.93% |
| 1996 | 2.67% | 4.08% |
| 1995 | 2.67% | 4.23% |
| 1994 | 2.67% | 4.37% |
| 1993 | 2.67% | 4.53% |
| 1992 | 2.66% | 4.71% |
| 1991 | -2.28% | 4.89% |
| 1990 | 3.51% | 5.06% |
| 1989 | 3.63% | 5.18% |
| 1988 | 3.69% | 5.47% |
| 1987 | 3.71% | 5.81% |
| 1986 | 3.7% | 5.85% |
| 1985 | 3.66% | 5.9% |
| 1984 | 3.61% | 6.13% |
| 1983 | 3.55% | 6.28% |
| 1982 | 3.6% | 6.29% |
| 1981 | 4.05% | 6.16% |
| 1980 | 4.52% | 6.04% |
| 1979 | 4.7% | 5.98% |
| 1978 | 4.87% | 5.88% |
| 1977 | 5.02% | 5.72% |
| 1976 | 5.16% | 5.52% |
| 1975 | 5.28% | 5.38% |
| 1974 | 5.37% | 5.29% |
| 1973 | 5.45% | 5.14% |
| 1972 | 4.93% | 4.88% |
| 1971 | 2.64% | 4.54% |
| 1970 | 1.05% | 4.25% |
| 1969 | 1.43% | 4.09% |
| 1968 | 2.4% | 3.97% |
| 1967 | 3.2% | 3.86% |
| 1966 | 3.32% | 3.79% |
| 1965 | 3.64% | 3.78% |
| 1964 | 3.92% | 3.77% |
| 1963 | 3.99% | 3.76% |
| 1962 | 4.06% | 3.74% |
| 1961 | 4.15% | 3.73% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/bahrain/saudi-arabia | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Bahrain grew by 0.74%, while Saudi Arabia's population grew by 4.74%.
Live population counters
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
1649267
|
37955120
|
| Population rank | 151/197 | 43/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.02% | 0.46% |
| One net population change |
45.1 minutes
|
18.9 seconds
|
| One birth every |
27.5 minutes
|
54.2 seconds
|
| One death every |
2.5 hours
|
6.37 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +32 | +4,584 |
| Annual growth/decline | +11,696 | +1,673,275 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.74% | +4.74% |
| Population growth rate rank | 115/197 | 2/197 |
| One migration net change every |
29.1 minutes
|
4.4 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | +18,128 | +119,738 |
| Net migration rank | 34/196 | 13/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 840,202 | 13,683,841 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 66/195 | 3/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 52.3% | 40.3% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 7/195 | 14/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 18,128 | - | 119,738 |
| 2024 | 15,606 | 22,699 | 499,782 | 122,170 |
| 2023 | 16,356 | 20,002 | 474,366 | 325,691 |
| 2022 | 17,058 | 18,975 | 406,920 | 977,072 |
| 2021 | 15,401 | 11,882 | 409,032 | -106,287 |
| 2020 | 15,056 | -5,048 | 447,036 | -74,725 |
| 2019 | 16,639 | -31,967 | 474,407 | 191,582 |
| 2018 | 17,445 | -25,978 | 528,767 | -988,751 |
| 2017 | 18,140 | 21,958 | 546,751 | -920,812 |
| 2016 | 17,996 | 46,833 | 537,829 | -26,997 |
| 2015 | 18,193 | 36,809 | 511,023 | 465,292 |
| 2014 | 17,826 | 40,815 | 493,431 | 469,144 |
| 2013 | 17,044 | 35,574 | 475,299 | 485,794 |
| 2012 | 16,219 | 12,801 | 465,649 | 479,206 |
| 2011 | 15,990 | -26,107 | 443,675 | 491,253 |
| 2010 | 16,474 | -19,329 | 418,641 | 504,955 |
| 2009 | 15,795 | 46,467 | 438,557 | 496,229 |
| 2008 | 15,541 | 47,674 | 433,457 | 491,337 |
| 2007 | 15,393 | 47,500 | 425,199 | 489,136 |
| 2006 | 15,248 | 46,615 | 399,333 | 504,661 |
| 2005 | 15,196 | 45,682 | 375,938 | 518,565 |
| 2004 | 14,454 | 45,413 | 362,843 | 523,472 |
| 2003 | 13,243 | 45,571 | 364,520 | 514,606 |
| 2002 | 11,875 | 45,952 | 372,099 | 500,508 |
| 2001 | 10,948 | 34,371 | 382,153 | 484,252 |
| 2000 | 11,339 | 2,886 | 392,407 | 468,515 |
| 1999 | 11,397 | 3,130 | 390,112 | 160,263 |
| 1998 | 10,970 | 3,733 | 389,499 | 159,898 |
| 1997 | 10,739 | 4,036 | 385,033 | 160,066 |
| 1996 | 10,607 | 4,162 | 382,248 | 160,532 |
| 1995 | 10,824 | 3,842 | 380,231 | 160,512 |
| 1994 | 11,133 | 3,387 | 377,351 | 160,306 |
| 1993 | 11,521 | 2,850 | 372,621 | 158,074 |
| 1992 | 11,577 | 2,768 | 366,763 | 160,908 |
| 1991 | 11,491 | 4,562 | 361,329 | 162,857 |
| 1990 | 12,337 | 5,090 | 355,495 | 160,416 |
| 1989 | 12,293 | 5,220 | 349,399 | 159,273 |
| 1988 | 11,995 | 5,294 | 342,865 | 146,918 |
| 1987 | 11,709 | 5,152 | 333,088 | 175,075 |
| 1986 | 11,455 | 4,822 | 322,340 | 172,606 |
| 1985 | 10,924 | 4,657 | 310,558 | 148,208 |
| 1984 | 10,269 | 4,557 | 296,615 | 153,562 |
| 1983 | 9,821 | 4,252 | 280,616 | 157,930 |
| 1982 | 9,396 | 3,980 | 264,831 | 153,528 |
| 1981 | 9,020 | 4,523 | 249,156 | 140,355 |
| 1980 | 8,802 | 6,741 | 234,372 | 121,220 |
| 1979 | 8,587 | 6,908 | 220,186 | 112,826 |
| 1978 | 8,358 | 6,974 | 205,331 | 105,263 |
| 1977 | 8,093 | 7,017 | 191,103 | 96,015 |
| 1976 | 7,818 | 6,993 | 178,024 | 85,083 |
| 1975 | 7,535 | 6,900 | 166,223 | 73,960 |
| 1974 | 7,265 | 6,711 | 155,478 | 69,653 |
| 1973 | 7,012 | 6,450 | 145,450 | 63,995 |
| 1972 | 6,763 | 6,190 | 136,360 | 55,439 |
| 1971 | 6,650 | 3,159 | 127,600 | 43,989 |
| 1970 | 6,973 | -4,939 | 120,440 | 31,097 |
| 1969 | 7,277 | -4,638 | 113,859 | 25,312 |
| 1968 | 7,584 | -3,952 | 108,281 | 21,366 |
| 1967 | 7,492 | -829 | 103,343 | 17,947 |
| 1966 | 7,342 | -718 | 98,361 | 15,054 |
| 1965 | 7,148 | -415 | 93,820 | 15,000 |
| 1964 | 6,873 | 491 | 89,776 | 15,000 |
| 1963 | 6,557 | 714 | 85,480 | 15,000 |
| 1962 | 6,232 | 810 | 81,393 | 15,000 |
| 1961 | 5,882 | 1,076 | 77,743 | 15,000 |
| 1960 | 5,513 | 1,266 | 74,143 | 15,000 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/bahrain/saudi-arabia | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 59.1% of the population change in Bahrain is from natural causes (a gain of 167,890 people) and 40.9% is from migration (a gain of 116,165 people). In Saudi Arabia 99.3% is from natural causes (a gain of 4,835,913 people) and 0.73% is from migration (a loss of 35,765 people).
As of 2024, 840,202 residents or 52.3% of the population were not native-born in Bahrain, compared to 13,683,841 people or 40.3% in Saudi Arabia.
Biggest cities by population
|
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Manama | 298K |
| Riffa | 115K |
| Isa Town | 61.3K |
|
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Riyadh | 7.01M |
| Jeddah | 4.7M |
| Mecca | 2.43M |
| Medina | 1.41M |
| Dammam | 903K |
| Tabuk | 886K |
| Qatif | 625K |
| Jubail | 379K |
| Ha'il | 311K |
| Yanbu | 299K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Bahrain and Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 81.7 years | 79.4 years |
| Average age | 33.4 years | 30.3 years |
| Median age | 34.3 years | 30.6 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 62:38 | 60.4:39.6 |
| Fertility rate | 1.81 births per woman | 2.31 births per woman |
| Population density | 5,290 ppl/mi² | 45.3 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/bahrain/saudi-arabia | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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