The latest officially reported population of Mauritius was 1,243,741 in 2025 vs 28,516,896 people in Venezuela in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Mauritius' population is 1,240,721 people compared to 28,692,435 in Venezuela.
Population statistics:
- Venezuela's population is 23.1 times bigger than Mauritius'.
- Mauritius is ranked the 157th most populous country in the world, while Venezuela is the 54th.
- The countries together account for 0.36% of the world: 0.01% for Mauritius vs 0.35% for Venezuela.
- For the last 10 years, Mauritius has had an average growth rate of -0.13% per year vs -0.53% in Venezuela.
- Since 2006, the population of Mauritius has increased from 1.23M people to 1.24M (0.54% growth), while Venezuela has grown from 27.2M to 28.7M (5.39% growth).
Mauritius vs Venezuela: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 2100 | 573,815 | 28,410,292 |
| 2099 | 582,097 | 28,556,135 |
| 2098 | 590,562 | 28,707,705 |
| 2097 | 599,251 | 28,852,186 |
| 2096 | 608,134 | 28,997,910 |
| 2095 | 617,230 | 29,134,707 |
| 2094 | 626,529 | 29,264,882 |
| 2093 | 636,052 | 29,394,209 |
| 2092 | 645,739 | 29,510,768 |
| 2091 | 655,617 | 29,623,813 |
| 2090 | 665,663 | 29,734,285 |
| 2089 | 675,889 | 29,840,423 |
| 2088 | 686,240 | 29,936,470 |
| 2087 | 696,717 | 30,030,678 |
| 2086 | 707,360 | 30,120,614 |
| 2085 | 718,105 | 30,201,240 |
| 2084 | 728,910 | 30,276,736 |
| 2083 | 739,778 | 30,348,224 |
| 2082 | 750,765 | 30,418,460 |
| 2081 | 761,750 | 30,484,132 |
| 2080 | 772,748 | 30,549,302 |
| 2079 | 783,786 | 30,612,881 |
| 2078 | 794,837 | 30,674,565 |
| 2077 | 805,918 | 30,730,870 |
| 2076 | 816,942 | 30,780,046 |
| 2075 | 827,927 | 30,829,620 |
| 2074 | 838,911 | 30,868,955 |
| 2073 | 849,873 | 30,913,457 |
| 2072 | 860,821 | 30,956,993 |
| 2071 | 871,644 | 30,999,181 |
| 2070 | 882,518 | 31,039,456 |
| 2069 | 893,282 | 31,077,886 |
| 2068 | 903,984 | 31,111,229 |
| 2067 | 914,668 | 31,147,205 |
| 2066 | 925,317 | 31,177,952 |
| 2065 | 935,999 | 31,202,552 |
| 2064 | 946,603 | 31,217,149 |
| 2063 | 957,115 | 31,232,539 |
| 2062 | 967,627 | 31,245,802 |
| 2061 | 978,076 | 31,255,590 |
| 2060 | 988,500 | 31,264,668 |
| 2059 | 998,838 | 31,272,623 |
| 2058 | 1,009,091 | 31,273,762 |
| 2057 | 1,019,346 | 31,276,766 |
| 2056 | 1,029,601 | 31,268,661 |
| 2055 | 1,039,730 | 31,252,602 |
| 2054 | 1,049,821 | 31,238,775 |
| 2053 | 1,059,876 | 31,222,231 |
| 2052 | 1,069,793 | 31,194,694 |
| 2051 | 1,079,612 | 31,174,182 |
| 2050 | 1,089,300 | 31,139,557 |
| 2049 | 1,098,902 | 31,104,189 |
| 2048 | 1,108,341 | 31,062,699 |
| 2047 | 1,117,590 | 31,009,532 |
| 2046 | 1,126,567 | 30,960,686 |
| 2045 | 1,135,321 | 30,905,370 |
| 2044 | 1,143,708 | 30,845,107 |
| 2043 | 1,151,882 | 30,776,828 |
| 2042 | 1,159,639 | 30,694,535 |
| 2041 | 1,167,107 | 30,607,831 |
| 2040 | 1,174,241 | 30,504,638 |
| 2039 | 1,181,008 | 30,389,092 |
| 2038 | 1,187,347 | 30,268,244 |
| 2037 | 1,193,347 | 30,145,046 |
| 2036 | 1,199,055 | 30,014,973 |
| 2035 | 1,204,453 | 29,870,829 |
| 2034 | 1,209,521 | 29,718,039 |
| 2033 | 1,214,292 | 29,574,127 |
| 2032 | 1,218,727 | 29,428,330 |
| 2031 | 1,222,858 | 29,279,969 |
| 2030 | 1,226,642 | 29,139,878 |
| 2029 | 1,230,401 | 29,004,690 |
| 2028 | 1,234,008 | 28,880,803 |
| 2027 | 1,237,431 | 28,750,990 |
| 2026 | 1,240,721 | 28,630,592 |
| 2025 | 1,243,741 | 28,516,896 |
| 2024 | 1,245,779 | 28,405,543 |
| 2023 | 1,248,647 | 28,300,854 |
| 2022 | 1,262,523 | 28,213,017 |
| 2021 | 1,266,334 | 28,237,826 |
| 2020 | 1,266,014 | 28,444,077 |
| 2019 | 1,265,985 | 28,938,098 |
| 2018 | 1,265,577 | 29,807,592 |
| 2017 | 1,264,887 | 30,565,323 |
| 2016 | 1,263,747 | 30,765,720 |
| 2015 | 1,262,879 | 30,573,972 |
| 2014 | 1,261,208 | 30,254,079 |
| 2013 | 1,258,927 | 29,912,198 |
| 2012 | 1,255,882 | 29,553,826 |
| 2011 | 1,252,404 | 29,185,212 |
| 2010 | 1,250,400 | 28,813,101 |
| 2009 | 1,247,429 | 28,438,298 |
| 2008 | 1,244,121 | 28,053,696 |
| 2007 | 1,239,630 | 27,649,363 |
| 2006 | 1,233,996 | 27,224,686 |
| 2005 | 1,228,254 | 26,785,804 |
| 2004 | 1,221,003 | 26,340,838 |
| 2003 | 1,213,370 | 25,892,703 |
| 2002 | 1,204,621 | 25,435,671 |
| 2001 | 1,196,287 | 24,979,922 |
| 2000 | 1,186,873 | 24,526,708 |
| 1999 | 1,175,267 | 24,066,593 |
| 1998 | 1,160,421 | 23,601,337 |
| 1997 | 1,148,284 | 23,131,685 |
| 1996 | 1,133,996 | 22,662,113 |
| 1995 | 1,122,457 | 22,193,821 |
| 1994 | 1,112,846 | 21,725,188 |
| 1993 | 1,097,374 | 21,254,520 |
| 1992 | 1,084,441 | 20,780,948 |
| 1991 | 1,070,266 | 20,304,896 |
| 1990 | 1,058,775 | 19,827,010 |
| 1989 | 1,051,260 | 19,348,921 |
| 1988 | 1,043,239 | 18,871,020 |
| 1987 | 1,036,082 | 18,394,963 |
| 1986 | 1,028,360 | 17,923,536 |
| 1985 | 1,020,528 | 17,461,434 |
| 1984 | 1,012,221 | 17,008,841 |
| 1983 | 1,001,691 | 16,562,205 |
| 1982 | 992,521 | 16,121,874 |
| 1981 | 980,462 | 15,687,297 |
| 1980 | 966,039 | 15,258,218 |
| 1979 | 949,888 | 14,834,552 |
| 1978 | 933,499 | 14,416,684 |
| 1977 | 921,379 | 14,006,812 |
| 1976 | 906,507 | 13,606,284 |
| 1975 | 892,000 | 13,215,892 |
| 1974 | 878,042 | 12,835,351 |
| 1973 | 864,819 | 12,463,537 |
| 1972 | 852,053 | 12,099,180 |
| 1971 | 839,230 | 11,741,008 |
| 1970 | 826,000 | 11,387,790 |
| 1969 | 812,405 | 11,040,280 |
| 1968 | 798,413 | 10,697,530 |
| 1967 | 783,917 | 10,358,513 |
| 1966 | 768,813 | 10,024,854 |
| 1965 | 753,000 | 9,697,790 |
| 1964 | 736,381 | 9,377,712 |
| 1963 | 718,861 | 9,064,021 |
| 1962 | 700,349 | 8,756,870 |
| 1961 | 680,757 | 8,455,915 |
| 1960 | 680,331 | 8,160,090 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/mauritius/venezuela | CC BY
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Mauritius increased by 29,751 people (a 2.41% growth), while Venezuela gained 3,541,034 people (a 13% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Mauritius lost 23,026 people (a 1.82% decline), while Venezuela's population decreased by 2,073,285 people (a 6.74% decline).
Mauritius was ranked 151st most populous country in 2006 and is 157th in 2026. Venezuela was ranked 41st in 2006 and ranked 54th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Mauritius' population will shrink by 12.2% to 1,089,300 people with a rank change from 157th to 160th. The population of Venezuela will increase by 8.53% to 31,139,557 people and rank change from 54th to 62nd.
Venezuela is projected to reach its peak in 2057 at 31.3M people, while Mauritius' population already peaked in 2021 at 1.27M people and is projected to decrease to 574K people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 2100 | -1.42% | -0.51% |
| 2099 | -1.43% | -0.53% |
| 2098 | -1.45% | -0.5% |
| 2097 | -1.46% | -0.5% |
| 2096 | -1.47% | -0.47% |
| 2095 | -1.48% | -0.44% |
| 2094 | -1.5% | -0.44% |
| 2093 | -1.5% | -0.39% |
| 2092 | -1.51% | -0.38% |
| 2091 | -1.51% | -0.37% |
| 2090 | -1.51% | -0.36% |
| 2089 | -1.51% | -0.32% |
| 2088 | -1.5% | -0.31% |
| 2087 | -1.5% | -0.3% |
| 2086 | -1.5% | -0.27% |
| 2085 | -1.48% | -0.25% |
| 2084 | -1.47% | -0.24% |
| 2083 | -1.46% | -0.23% |
| 2082 | -1.44% | -0.22% |
| 2081 | -1.42% | -0.21% |
| 2080 | -1.41% | -0.21% |
| 2079 | -1.39% | -0.2% |
| 2078 | -1.38% | -0.18% |
| 2077 | -1.35% | -0.16% |
| 2076 | -1.33% | -0.16% |
| 2075 | -1.31% | -0.13% |
| 2074 | -1.29% | -0.14% |
| 2073 | -1.27% | -0.14% |
| 2072 | -1.24% | -0.14% |
| 2071 | -1.23% | -0.13% |
| 2070 | -1.21% | -0.12% |
| 2069 | -1.18% | -0.11% |
| 2068 | -1.17% | -0.12% |
| 2067 | -1.15% | -0.1% |
| 2066 | -1.14% | -0.08% |
| 2065 | -1.12% | -0.05% |
| 2064 | -1.1% | -0.05% |
| 2063 | -1.09% | -0.04% |
| 2062 | -1.07% | -0.03% |
| 2061 | -1.05% | -0.03% |
| 2060 | -1.04% | -0.03% |
| 2059 | -1.02% | -0.004% |
| 2058 | -1.01% | -0.01% |
| 2057 | -1% | 0.03% |
| 2056 | -0.97% | 0.05% |
| 2055 | -0.96% | 0.04% |
| 2054 | -0.95% | 0.05% |
| 2053 | -0.93% | 0.09% |
| 2052 | -0.91% | 0.07% |
| 2051 | -0.89% | 0.11% |
| 2050 | -0.87% | 0.11% |
| 2049 | -0.85% | 0.13% |
| 2048 | -0.83% | 0.17% |
| 2047 | -0.8% | 0.16% |
| 2046 | -0.77% | 0.18% |
| 2045 | -0.73% | 0.2% |
| 2044 | -0.71% | 0.22% |
| 2043 | -0.67% | 0.27% |
| 2042 | -0.64% | 0.28% |
| 2041 | -0.61% | 0.34% |
| 2040 | -0.57% | 0.38% |
| 2039 | -0.53% | 0.4% |
| 2038 | -0.5% | 0.41% |
| 2037 | -0.48% | 0.43% |
| 2036 | -0.45% | 0.48% |
| 2035 | -0.42% | 0.51% |
| 2034 | -0.39% | 0.49% |
| 2033 | -0.36% | 0.5% |
| 2032 | -0.34% | 0.51% |
| 2031 | -0.31% | 0.48% |
| 2030 | -0.31% | 0.47% |
| 2029 | -0.29% | 0.43% |
| 2028 | -0.28% | 0.45% |
| 2027 | -0.27% | 0.42% |
| 2026 | -0.24% | 0.4% |
| 2025 | -0.16% | 0.39% |
| 2024 | -0.23% | 0.37% |
| 2023 | -1.1% | 0.31% |
| 2022 | -0.3% | -0.09% |
| 2021 | 0.03% | -0.73% |
| 2020 | 0.002% | -1.71% |
| 2019 | 0.03% | -2.92% |
| 2018 | 0.05% | -2.48% |
| 2017 | 0.09% | -0.65% |
| 2016 | 0.07% | 0.63% |
| 2015 | 0.13% | 1.06% |
| 2014 | 0.18% | 1.14% |
| 2013 | 0.24% | 1.21% |
| 2012 | 0.28% | 1.26% |
| 2011 | 0.16% | 1.29% |
| 2010 | 0.24% | 1.32% |
| 2009 | 0.27% | 1.37% |
| 2008 | 0.36% | 1.46% |
| 2007 | 0.46% | 1.56% |
| 2006 | 0.47% | 1.64% |
| 2005 | 0.59% | 1.69% |
| 2004 | 0.63% | 1.73% |
| 2003 | 0.73% | 1.8% |
| 2002 | 0.7% | 1.82% |
| 2001 | 0.79% | 1.85% |
| 2000 | 0.99% | 1.91% |
| 1999 | 1.28% | 1.97% |
| 1998 | 1.06% | 2.03% |
| 1997 | 1.26% | 2.07% |
| 1996 | 1.03% | 2.11% |
| 1995 | 0.86% | 2.16% |
| 1994 | 1.41% | 2.21% |
| 1993 | 1.19% | 2.28% |
| 1992 | 1.32% | 2.34% |
| 1991 | 1.09% | 2.41% |
| 1990 | 0.71% | 2.47% |
| 1989 | 0.77% | 2.53% |
| 1988 | 0.69% | 2.59% |
| 1987 | 0.75% | 2.63% |
| 1986 | 0.77% | 2.65% |
| 1985 | 0.82% | 2.66% |
| 1984 | 1.05% | 2.7% |
| 1983 | 0.92% | 2.73% |
| 1982 | 1.23% | 2.77% |
| 1981 | 1.49% | 2.81% |
| 1980 | 1.7% | 2.86% |
| 1979 | 1.76% | 2.9% |
| 1978 | 1.32% | 2.93% |
| 1977 | 1.64% | 2.94% |
| 1976 | 1.63% | 2.95% |
| 1975 | 1.59% | 2.96% |
| 1974 | 1.53% | 2.98% |
| 1973 | 1.5% | 3.01% |
| 1972 | 1.53% | 3.05% |
| 1971 | 1.6% | 3.1% |
| 1970 | 1.67% | 3.15% |
| 1969 | 1.75% | 3.2% |
| 1968 | 1.85% | 3.27% |
| 1967 | 1.96% | 3.33% |
| 1966 | 2.1% | 3.37% |
| 1965 | 2.26% | 3.41% |
| 1964 | 2.44% | 3.46% |
| 1963 | 2.64% | 3.51% |
| 1962 | 2.88% | 3.56% |
| 1961 | 0.06% | 3.63% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/mauritius/venezuela | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Mauritius declined by 0.16%, while Venezuela's population grew by 0.39%.
Live population counters
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
1240721
|
28692435
|
| Population rank | 157/197 | 54/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.01% | 0.35% |
| One net population change |
4.31 hours
|
4.73 minutes
|
| One birth every |
41 minutes
|
1.21 minutes
|
| One death every |
42.2 minutes
|
2.41 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | -6 | +305 |
| Annual growth/decline | -2,038 | +111,353 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | -0.16% | +0.39% |
| Population growth rate rank | 171/197 | 139/197 |
| One migration net change every |
3.16 hours
|
5.25 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -2,784 | -100,467 |
| Net migration rank | 103/196 | 180/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 29,142 | 1,263,304 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 165/195 | 51/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 2.3% | 4.4% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 129/195 | 101/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -2,784 | - | -100,467 |
| 2024 | 374 | -2,787 | 214,547 | -105,297 |
| 2023 | 999 | -2,824 | 213,020 | -112,899 |
| 2022 | -757 | -2,824 | 216,619 | -141,107 |
| 2021 | -380 | -4,324 | 207,746 | -332,936 |
| 2020 | 2,406 | -5,895 | 237,223 | -524,649 |
| 2019 | 1,646 | -5,202 | 274,826 | -975,534 |
| 2018 | 2,152 | -5,084 | 317,302 | -1,355,602 |
| 2017 | 3,289 | -5,322 | 340,222 | -817,376 |
| 2016 | 2,906 | -4,483 | 359,651 | -283,270 |
| 2015 | 2,905 | -3,645 | 384,560 | -77,417 |
| 2014 | 3,657 | -3,691 | 395,088 | -62,437 |
| 2013 | 4,281 | -3,617 | 408,930 | -57,818 |
| 2012 | 5,023 | -3,663 | 420,758 | -55,131 |
| 2011 | 5,511 | -2,465 | 425,958 | -54,384 |
| 2010 | 5,877 | -2,624 | 425,397 | -52,781 |
| 2009 | 6,113 | -2,467 | 427,257 | -50,286 |
| 2008 | 7,465 | -2,589 | 435,870 | -43,636 |
| 2007 | 8,429 | -2,642 | 452,482 | -36,060 |
| 2006 | 8,515 | -2,757 | 460,152 | -27,240 |
| 2005 | 10,195 | -2,840 | 463,260 | -18,407 |
| 2004 | 10,745 | -3,001 | 455,881 | -10,798 |
| 2003 | 10,799 | -3,141 | 456,902 | -5,729 |
| 2002 | 11,685 | -3,150 | 466,821 | -3,944 |
| 2001 | 11,723 | -3,225 | 451,487 | -2,856 |
| 2000 | 12,224 | -2,326 | 459,802 | -1,999 |
| 1999 | 12,341 | -1,463 | 463,787 | -1,376 |
| 1998 | 11,489 | -1,292 | 469,123 | -1,010 |
| 1997 | 11,943 | -1,199 | 472,002 | -816 |
| 1996 | 13,041 | -1,092 | 468,653 | -708 |
| 1995 | 13,020 | -1,144 | 469,267 | -622 |
| 1994 | 14,355 | -1,112 | 469,178 | -559 |
| 1993 | 14,814 | -1,189 | 473,189 | -477 |
| 1992 | 15,833 | -1,254 | 474,824 | -381 |
| 1991 | 15,091 | -1,333 | 477,917 | -236 |
| 1990 | 15,564 | -1,938 | 478,168 | -69 |
| 1989 | 14,718 | -2,463 | 478,053 | 32 |
| 1988 | 14,084 | -1,399 | 477,569 | 137 |
| 1987 | 13,262 | -300 | 474,204 | 182 |
| 1986 | 12,340 | 852 | 468,252 | 201 |
| 1985 | 12,451 | 615 | 455,517 | 237 |
| 1984 | 13,665 | -258 | 449,186 | 247 |
| 1983 | 14,525 | -1,756 | 443,569 | 260 |
| 1982 | 15,880 | -2,226 | 436,564 | 260 |
| 1981 | 18,334 | -1,559 | 432,059 | 251 |
| 1980 | 19,321 | -1,739 | 425,613 | 237 |
| 1979 | 19,282 | -2,363 | 421,256 | 228 |
| 1978 | 18,670 | -3,129 | 414,032 | 205 |
| 1977 | 16,769 | -3,749 | 405,315 | 196 |
| 1976 | 16,407 | -3,807 | 395,344 | 190 |
| 1975 | 15,342 | -3,869 | 385,045 | 186 |
| 1974 | 17,561 | -4,908 | 375,678 | 173 |
| 1973 | 13,145 | -2,144 | 367,612 | 171 |
| 1972 | 14,825 | -2,408 | 360,749 | 173 |
| 1971 | 15,441 | -960 | 355,212 | 215 |
| 1970 | 16,190 | -1,281 | 350,709 | 305 |
| 1969 | 15,761 | -674 | 343,596 | 403 |
| 1968 | 17,884 | -2,445 | 340,973 | 532 |
| 1967 | 17,560 | -1,257 | 335,813 | 717 |
| 1966 | 20,758 | -4,123 | 329,697 | 1,087 |
| 1965 | 20,482 | -3,597 | 321,695 | 1,656 |
| 1964 | 22,239 | -4,850 | 314,397 | 2,410 |
| 1963 | 22,069 | -5,236 | 307,279 | 3,296 |
| 1962 | 20,660 | -6,107 | 299,345 | 4,386 |
| 1961 | 20,355 | -8,984 | 292,109 | 6,069 |
| 1960 | 19,931 | -7,083 | 285,105 | 8,369 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/mauritius/venezuela | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 26.8% of the population change in Mauritius is from natural causes (a gain of 15,540 people) and 73.2% is from migration (a loss of 42,390 people). In Venezuela 36.9% is from natural causes (a gain of 2,765,716 people) and 63.1% is from migration (a loss of 4,726,087 people).
As of 2024, 29,142 residents or 2.3% of the population were not native-born in Mauritius, compared to 1,263,304 people or 4.4% in Venezuela.
Biggest cities by population
|
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Port Louis | 149K |
| Quatre Bornes | 81.8K |
| Curepipe | 77.5K |
| Triolet | 23.4K |
| Goodlands | 20.7K |
| Centre de Flacq | 15.8K |
| Mahebourg | 15.8K |
| Bambous | 15.3K |
|
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Caracas | 2.25M |
| Maracaibo | 1.55M |
| Valencia | 1.48M |
| Maracay | 1.1M |
| Barquisimeto | 1.06M |
| Barinas | 874K |
| Maturin | 753K |
| Ciudad Guayana | 751K |
| Catia La Mar | 662K |
| Ciudad Bolivar | 568K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Mauritius and Venezuela
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 75.4 years | 73 years |
| Average age | 39.6 years | 33.6 years |
| Median age | 38.9 years | 30.4 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.9:50.1 | 49.4:50.6 |
| Fertility rate | 1.44 births per woman | 2.08 births per woman |
| Population density | 1,609 ppl/mi² | 84.1 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/mauritius/venezuela | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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