The latest officially reported population of Djibouti was 1,184,076 in 2025 vs 8,819,794 people in Sierra Leone in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Djibouti's population is 1,207,325 people compared to 9,090,531 in Sierra Leone.
Population statistics:
- Sierra Leone's population is 7.53 times bigger than Djibouti's.
- Djibouti is ranked the 158th most populous country in the world, while Sierra Leone is the 100th.
- The countries together account for 0.12% of the world: 0.01% for Djibouti vs 0.11% for Sierra Leone.
- For the last 10 years, Djibouti has had an average growth rate of +1.52% per year vs +2.29% in Sierra Leone.
- Since 2006, the population of Djibouti has increased from 856K people to 1.21M (41.1% growth), while Sierra Leone has grown from 5.62M to 9.09M (61.6% growth).
Djibouti vs Sierra Leone: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Djibouti
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
| 2100 | 1,852,930 | 16,107,087 |
| 2099 | 1,851,160 | 16,121,940 |
| 2098 | 1,848,386 | 16,135,035 |
| 2097 | 1,844,324 | 16,149,905 |
| 2096 | 1,842,788 | 16,160,672 |
| 2095 | 1,840,587 | 16,169,304 |
| 2094 | 1,838,911 | 16,168,902 |
| 2093 | 1,833,929 | 16,173,609 |
| 2092 | 1,831,754 | 16,170,778 |
| 2091 | 1,829,844 | 16,163,901 |
| 2090 | 1,827,197 | 16,154,165 |
| 2089 | 1,823,725 | 16,142,526 |
| 2088 | 1,819,072 | 16,128,775 |
| 2087 | 1,814,909 | 16,112,585 |
| 2086 | 1,811,313 | 16,085,549 |
| 2085 | 1,806,038 | 16,064,212 |
| 2084 | 1,801,459 | 16,040,563 |
| 2083 | 1,797,744 | 16,006,923 |
| 2082 | 1,792,869 | 15,970,872 |
| 2081 | 1,789,329 | 15,930,880 |
| 2080 | 1,786,557 | 15,892,665 |
| 2079 | 1,781,603 | 15,850,728 |
| 2078 | 1,777,502 | 15,801,450 |
| 2077 | 1,772,595 | 15,750,408 |
| 2076 | 1,766,589 | 15,695,310 |
| 2075 | 1,760,341 | 15,635,345 |
| 2074 | 1,753,021 | 15,580,279 |
| 2073 | 1,747,389 | 15,512,655 |
| 2072 | 1,742,543 | 15,442,481 |
| 2071 | 1,736,109 | 15,370,747 |
| 2070 | 1,729,672 | 15,293,426 |
| 2069 | 1,723,651 | 15,212,664 |
| 2068 | 1,715,937 | 15,124,069 |
| 2067 | 1,707,839 | 15,028,190 |
| 2066 | 1,698,162 | 14,931,295 |
| 2065 | 1,689,223 | 14,833,794 |
| 2064 | 1,682,510 | 14,736,872 |
| 2063 | 1,675,555 | 14,638,180 |
| 2062 | 1,666,158 | 14,525,736 |
| 2061 | 1,656,732 | 14,420,068 |
| 2060 | 1,647,366 | 14,307,451 |
| 2059 | 1,636,828 | 14,194,972 |
| 2058 | 1,625,784 | 14,077,124 |
| 2057 | 1,612,585 | 13,957,197 |
| 2056 | 1,600,264 | 13,832,494 |
| 2055 | 1,591,009 | 13,702,508 |
| 2054 | 1,579,855 | 13,576,231 |
| 2053 | 1,566,721 | 13,440,929 |
| 2052 | 1,555,435 | 13,299,910 |
| 2051 | 1,545,572 | 13,152,910 |
| 2050 | 1,535,029 | 13,006,688 |
| 2049 | 1,523,806 | 12,863,637 |
| 2048 | 1,513,191 | 12,712,671 |
| 2047 | 1,501,998 | 12,566,944 |
| 2046 | 1,489,883 | 12,411,042 |
| 2045 | 1,477,001 | 12,254,651 |
| 2044 | 1,464,918 | 12,088,895 |
| 2043 | 1,452,698 | 11,928,393 |
| 2042 | 1,438,500 | 11,767,372 |
| 2041 | 1,423,219 | 11,599,942 |
| 2040 | 1,407,993 | 11,428,331 |
| 2039 | 1,393,496 | 11,259,845 |
| 2038 | 1,379,643 | 11,097,180 |
| 2037 | 1,364,706 | 10,928,754 |
| 2036 | 1,351,216 | 10,757,928 |
| 2035 | 1,336,815 | 10,582,918 |
| 2034 | 1,323,265 | 10,411,088 |
| 2033 | 1,309,014 | 10,238,503 |
| 2032 | 1,294,377 | 10,059,929 |
| 2031 | 1,278,594 | 9,881,109 |
| 2030 | 1,262,869 | 9,705,485 |
| 2029 | 1,246,372 | 9,529,493 |
| 2028 | 1,230,494 | 9,358,412 |
| 2027 | 1,215,038 | 9,177,288 |
| 2026 | 1,199,180 | 8,998,902 |
| 2025 | 1,184,076 | 8,819,794 |
| 2024 | 1,168,722 | 8,642,022 |
| 2023 | 1,152,944 | 8,460,512 |
| 2022 | 1,137,096 | 8,276,807 |
| 2021 | 1,121,248 | 8,094,602 |
| 2020 | 1,105,188 | 7,912,558 |
| 2019 | 1,088,709 | 7,731,991 |
| 2018 | 1,071,882 | 7,554,563 |
| 2017 | 1,054,841 | 7,379,299 |
| 2016 | 1,037,653 | 7,205,328 |
| 2015 | 1,020,313 | 7,037,655 |
| 2014 | 1,002,717 | 6,876,385 |
| 2013 | 984,824 | 6,714,051 |
| 2012 | 966,747 | 6,551,080 |
| 2011 | 948,558 | 6,387,251 |
| 2010 | 930,251 | 6,222,714 |
| 2009 | 911,527 | 6,055,646 |
| 2008 | 892,734 | 5,894,722 |
| 2007 | 874,528 | 5,749,352 |
| 2006 | 855,764 | 5,624,466 |
| 2005 | 839,167 | 5,501,712 |
| 2004 | 826,124 | 5,355,717 |
| 2003 | 813,519 | 5,177,687 |
| 2002 | 795,574 | 4,971,435 |
| 2001 | 771,313 | 4,692,716 |
| 2000 | 747,318 | 4,423,611 |
| 1999 | 724,218 | 4,318,043 |
| 1998 | 699,352 | 4,295,785 |
| 1997 | 671,817 | 4,253,716 |
| 1996 | 648,348 | 4,199,210 |
| 1995 | 633,074 | 4,179,179 |
| 1994 | 626,710 | 4,173,105 |
| 1993 | 614,245 | 4,157,130 |
| 1992 | 626,010 | 4,166,366 |
| 1991 | 631,092 | 4,246,267 |
| 1990 | 579,538 | 4,196,828 |
| 1989 | 523,355 | 4,034,037 |
| 1988 | 484,523 | 3,934,517 |
| 1987 | 454,399 | 3,829,718 |
| 1986 | 426,341 | 3,728,380 |
| 1985 | 402,687 | 3,638,438 |
| 1984 | 384,053 | 3,558,758 |
| 1983 | 369,553 | 3,481,646 |
| 1982 | 356,880 | 3,408,183 |
| 1981 | 343,047 | 3,338,940 |
| 1980 | 325,815 | 3,272,089 |
| 1979 | 304,513 | 3,207,499 |
| 1978 | 280,031 | 3,145,517 |
| 1977 | 254,613 | 3,085,354 |
| 1976 | 230,737 | 3,028,820 |
| 1975 | 209,908 | 2,974,657 |
| 1974 | 192,613 | 2,920,459 |
| 1973 | 178,449 | 2,866,955 |
| 1972 | 166,256 | 2,814,388 |
| 1971 | 155,136 | 2,763,222 |
| 1970 | 145,175 | 2,712,286 |
| 1969 | 136,078 | 2,661,365 |
| 1968 | 128,250 | 2,611,532 |
| 1967 | 121,649 | 2,562,384 |
| 1966 | 115,269 | 2,514,638 |
| 1965 | 109,092 | 2,468,666 |
| 1964 | 103,198 | 2,424,390 |
| 1963 | 97,872 | 2,382,258 |
| 1962 | 93,283 | 2,342,242 |
| 1961 | 89,390 | 2,304,227 |
| 1960 | 86,024 | 2,268,356 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/djibouti/sierra-leone | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Djibouti increased by 181,889 people (a 21.3% growth), while Sierra Leone gained 1,580,862 people (a 28.1% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Djibouti gained 169,672 people (a 16.4% growth), while Sierra Leone's population increased by 1,885,203 people (a 26.2% growth).
Djibouti was ranked 159th most populous country in 2006 and is 158th in 2026. Sierra Leone was ranked 105th in 2006 and ranked 100th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Djibouti's population will grow by 27.1% to 1,535,029 people with a rank change from 158th to 151st. The population of Sierra Leone will increase by 43.1% to 13,006,688 people and rank change from 100th to 91st.
Djibouti is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 1.85M people compared to the peak of 16.2M people in 2093 for Sierra Leone.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Djibouti
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
| 2100 | 0.1% | -0.09% |
| 2099 | 0.15% | -0.08% |
| 2098 | 0.22% | -0.09% |
| 2097 | 0.08% | -0.07% |
| 2096 | 0.12% | -0.05% |
| 2095 | 0.09% | 0.002% |
| 2094 | 0.27% | -0.03% |
| 2093 | 0.12% | 0.02% |
| 2092 | 0.1% | 0.04% |
| 2091 | 0.14% | 0.06% |
| 2090 | 0.19% | 0.07% |
| 2089 | 0.26% | 0.09% |
| 2088 | 0.23% | 0.1% |
| 2087 | 0.2% | 0.17% |
| 2086 | 0.29% | 0.13% |
| 2085 | 0.25% | 0.15% |
| 2084 | 0.21% | 0.21% |
| 2083 | 0.27% | 0.23% |
| 2082 | 0.2% | 0.25% |
| 2081 | 0.16% | 0.24% |
| 2080 | 0.28% | 0.26% |
| 2079 | 0.23% | 0.31% |
| 2078 | 0.28% | 0.32% |
| 2077 | 0.34% | 0.35% |
| 2076 | 0.35% | 0.38% |
| 2075 | 0.42% | 0.35% |
| 2074 | 0.32% | 0.44% |
| 2073 | 0.28% | 0.45% |
| 2072 | 0.37% | 0.47% |
| 2071 | 0.37% | 0.51% |
| 2070 | 0.35% | 0.53% |
| 2069 | 0.45% | 0.59% |
| 2068 | 0.47% | 0.64% |
| 2067 | 0.57% | 0.65% |
| 2066 | 0.53% | 0.66% |
| 2065 | 0.4% | 0.66% |
| 2064 | 0.42% | 0.67% |
| 2063 | 0.56% | 0.77% |
| 2062 | 0.57% | 0.73% |
| 2061 | 0.57% | 0.79% |
| 2060 | 0.64% | 0.79% |
| 2059 | 0.68% | 0.84% |
| 2058 | 0.82% | 0.86% |
| 2057 | 0.77% | 0.9% |
| 2056 | 0.58% | 0.95% |
| 2055 | 0.71% | 0.93% |
| 2054 | 0.84% | 1.01% |
| 2053 | 0.73% | 1.06% |
| 2052 | 0.64% | 1.12% |
| 2051 | 0.69% | 1.12% |
| 2050 | 0.74% | 1.11% |
| 2049 | 0.7% | 1.19% |
| 2048 | 0.75% | 1.16% |
| 2047 | 0.81% | 1.26% |
| 2046 | 0.87% | 1.28% |
| 2045 | 0.82% | 1.37% |
| 2044 | 0.84% | 1.35% |
| 2043 | 0.99% | 1.37% |
| 2042 | 1.07% | 1.44% |
| 2041 | 1.08% | 1.5% |
| 2040 | 1.04% | 1.5% |
| 2039 | 1% | 1.47% |
| 2038 | 1.09% | 1.54% |
| 2037 | 1% | 1.59% |
| 2036 | 1.08% | 1.65% |
| 2035 | 1.02% | 1.65% |
| 2034 | 1.09% | 1.69% |
| 2033 | 1.13% | 1.78% |
| 2032 | 1.23% | 1.81% |
| 2031 | 1.25% | 1.81% |
| 2030 | 1.32% | 1.85% |
| 2029 | 1.29% | 1.83% |
| 2028 | 1.27% | 1.97% |
| 2027 | 1.32% | 1.98% |
| 2026 | 1.28% | 2.03% |
| 2025 | 1.31% | 2.06% |
| 2024 | 1.37% | 2.15% |
| 2023 | 1.39% | 2.22% |
| 2022 | 1.41% | 2.25% |
| 2021 | 1.45% | 2.3% |
| 2020 | 1.51% | 2.34% |
| 2019 | 1.57% | 2.35% |
| 2018 | 1.62% | 2.38% |
| 2017 | 1.66% | 2.41% |
| 2016 | 1.7% | 2.38% |
| 2015 | 1.75% | 2.35% |
| 2014 | 1.82% | 2.42% |
| 2013 | 1.87% | 2.49% |
| 2012 | 1.92% | 2.56% |
| 2011 | 1.97% | 2.64% |
| 2010 | 2.05% | 2.76% |
| 2009 | 2.11% | 2.73% |
| 2008 | 2.08% | 2.53% |
| 2007 | 2.19% | 2.22% |
| 2006 | 1.98% | 2.23% |
| 2005 | 1.58% | 2.73% |
| 2004 | 1.55% | 3.44% |
| 2003 | 2.26% | 4.15% |
| 2002 | 3.15% | 5.94% |
| 2001 | 3.21% | 6.08% |
| 2000 | 3.19% | 2.44% |
| 1999 | 3.56% | 0.52% |
| 1998 | 4.1% | 0.99% |
| 1997 | 3.62% | 1.3% |
| 1996 | 2.41% | 0.48% |
| 1995 | 1.02% | 0.15% |
| 1994 | 2.03% | 0.38% |
| 1993 | -1.88% | -0.22% |
| 1992 | -0.81% | -1.88% |
| 1991 | 8.9% | 1.18% |
| 1990 | 10.7% | 4.04% |
| 1989 | 8.01% | 2.53% |
| 1988 | 6.63% | 2.74% |
| 1987 | 6.58% | 2.72% |
| 1986 | 5.87% | 2.47% |
| 1985 | 4.85% | 2.24% |
| 1984 | 3.92% | 2.21% |
| 1983 | 3.55% | 2.16% |
| 1982 | 4.03% | 2.07% |
| 1981 | 5.29% | 2.04% |
| 1980 | 7% | 2.01% |
| 1979 | 8.74% | 1.97% |
| 1978 | 9.98% | 1.95% |
| 1977 | 10.3% | 1.87% |
| 1976 | 9.92% | 1.82% |
| 1975 | 8.98% | 1.86% |
| 1974 | 7.94% | 1.87% |
| 1973 | 7.33% | 1.87% |
| 1972 | 7.17% | 1.85% |
| 1971 | 6.86% | 1.88% |
| 1970 | 6.69% | 1.91% |
| 1969 | 6.1% | 1.91% |
| 1968 | 5.43% | 1.92% |
| 1967 | 5.53% | 1.9% |
| 1966 | 5.66% | 1.86% |
| 1965 | 5.71% | 1.83% |
| 1964 | 5.44% | 1.77% |
| 1963 | 4.92% | 1.71% |
| 1962 | 4.36% | 1.65% |
| 1961 | 3.91% | 1.58% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/djibouti/sierra-leone | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Djibouti grew by 1.31%, while Sierra Leone's population grew by 2.06%.
Live population counters
|
Djibouti
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
1207325
|
9090531
|
| Population rank | 158/197 | 100/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.01% | 0.11% |
| One net population change |
34.3 minutes
|
2.96 minutes
|
| One birth every |
21.5 minutes
|
2.02 minutes
|
| One death every |
1 hour
|
7.41 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +42 | +487 |
| Annual growth/decline | +15,354 | +177,772 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +1.31% | +2.06% |
| Population growth rate rank | 79/197 | 47/197 |
| One migration net change every |
15.1 hours
|
46.6 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -581 | -11,309 |
| Net migration rank | 89/196 | 136/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 125,996 | 49,997 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 123/195 | 151/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 10.8% | 0.6% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 60/195 | 174/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Djibouti
|
Sierra Leone
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -581 | - | -11,309 |
| 2024 | 15,712 | -11 | 189,234 | -11,000 |
| 2023 | 15,349 | 500 | 188,788 | -4,000 |
| 2022 | 15,337 | 500 | 186,625 | -4,000 |
| 2021 | 14,555 | 1,300 | 183,326 | -1,544 |
| 2020 | 14,970 | 1,300 | 181,015 | 1,292 |
| 2019 | 15,368 | 1,322 | 181,068 | -2,238 |
| 2018 | 15,524 | 1,435 | 178,772 | -2,741 |
| 2017 | 15,593 | 1,535 | 173,259 | 1,234 |
| 2016 | 15,621 | 1,623 | 168,784 | 4,657 |
| 2015 | 15,718 | 1,723 | 162,275 | -356 |
| 2014 | 15,857 | 1,900 | 160,137 | 485 |
| 2013 | 15,986 | 2,033 | 161,265 | 2,773 |
| 2012 | 16,026 | 2,104 | 160,915 | 988 |
| 2011 | 16,169 | 2,090 | 158,858 | 6,895 |
| 2010 | 16,225 | 2,129 | 155,338 | 7,983 |
| 2009 | 16,323 | 2,770 | 152,669 | 18,145 |
| 2008 | 16,356 | 2,148 | 149,855 | 1,182 |
| 2007 | 16,647 | 1,253 | 145,740 | -6,042 |
| 2006 | 16,901 | 2,719 | 144,127 | -34,052 |
| 2005 | 17,361 | -3,779 | 137,234 | -1,805 |
| 2004 | 17,756 | -5,249 | 132,661 | 23,897 |
| 2003 | 18,341 | -5,636 | 130,312 | 69,185 |
| 2002 | 18,167 | 5,022 | 126,429 | 86,578 |
| 2001 | 17,710 | 7,629 | 116,647 | 227,791 |
| 2000 | 17,014 | 5,632 | 110,754 | 83,013 |
| 1999 | 16,491 | 7,046 | 102,295 | -84,926 |
| 1998 | 15,845 | 10,352 | 103,906 | -76,766 |
| 1997 | 15,255 | 13,625 | 105,433 | -48,437 |
| 1996 | 15,408 | 2,652 | 104,140 | -52,110 |
| 1995 | 15,651 | -3,163 | 100,885 | -112,857 |
| 1994 | 15,989 | -15,756 | 101,486 | -77,371 |
| 1993 | 15,805 | 8,896 | 103,317 | -95,476 |
| 1992 | 16,971 | -65,203 | 103,251 | -129,565 |
| 1991 | 16,553 | 21,510 | 105,477 | -238,965 |
| 1990 | 15,074 | 49,970 | 100,778 | 131,587 |
| 1989 | 13,851 | 33,465 | 98,298 | -5,079 |
| 1988 | 13,107 | 17,242 | 96,344 | 9,470 |
| 1987 | 12,357 | 17,545 | 94,235 | 9,558 |
| 1986 | 11,671 | 14,543 | 90,902 | 7,992 |
| 1985 | 11,106 | 9,997 | 88,869 | -7,873 |
| 1984 | 10,713 | 5,452 | 87,072 | -8,708 |
| 1983 | 10,391 | 2,441 | 84,628 | -8,783 |
| 1982 | 10,058 | 2,450 | 82,457 | -11,379 |
| 1981 | 9,654 | 5,502 | 80,111 | -12,699 |
| 1980 | 9,187 | 10,121 | 77,932 | -11,641 |
| 1979 | 8,573 | 14,726 | 75,992 | -13,095 |
| 1978 | 7,886 | 17,788 | 74,130 | -13,073 |
| 1977 | 7,195 | 17,961 | 71,663 | -12,399 |
| 1976 | 6,567 | 16,028 | 69,506 | -15,686 |
| 1975 | 6,034 | 13,029 | 67,560 | -13,058 |
| 1974 | 5,601 | 9,910 | 65,357 | -11,473 |
| 1973 | 5,234 | 7,583 | 62,443 | -9,322 |
| 1972 | 4,885 | 6,690 | 60,279 | -8,267 |
| 1971 | 4,484 | 6,184 | 58,484 | -8,162 |
| 1970 | 4,249 | 5,004 | 56,513 | -4,957 |
| 1969 | 3,950 | 4,995 | 54,768 | -4,485 |
| 1968 | 3,712 | 3,001 | 53,126 | -3,743 |
| 1967 | 3,484 | 3,001 | 51,734 | -2,819 |
| 1966 | 3,268 | 3,014 | 49,486 | -2,911 |
| 1965 | 3,054 | 3,023 | 47,223 | -1,851 |
| 1964 | 2,864 | 2,846 | 45,487 | -2,308 |
| 1963 | 2,687 | 2,257 | 43,569 | -2,480 |
| 1962 | 2,538 | 1,695 | 41,603 | -2,658 |
| 1961 | 2,412 | 1,136 | 40,022 | -2,947 |
| 1960 | 2,299 | 886 | 38,192 | -3,528 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/djibouti/sierra-leone | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 93.2% of the population change in Djibouti is from natural causes (a gain of 153,747 people) and 6.81% is from migration (a gain of 11,227 people). In Sierra Leone 99% is from natural causes (a gain of 1,793,146 people) and 1.03% is from migration (a loss of 18,696 people).
As of 2024, 125,996 residents or 10.8% of the population were not native-born in Djibouti, compared to 49,997 people or 0.6% in Sierra Leone.
Biggest cities by population
|
Djibouti
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Djibouti | 604K |
| Ali Sabieh | 71.2K |
| Dikhil | 35K |
| Obock | 21.2K |
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Freetown | 951K |
| Bo | 234K |
| Kenema | 188K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Djibouti and Sierra Leone
|
Djibouti
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 66.6 years | 62.3 years |
| Average age | 29 years | 24.6 years |
| Median age | 26 years | 20.7 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.6:50.4 | 49.9:50.1 |
| Fertility rate | 2.62 births per woman | 3.7 births per woman |
| Population density | 134 ppl/mi² | 323 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/djibouti/sierra-leone | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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